Philosophy Epistemology Essay

Epistemology is one of the very important branches of philosophy. It is also known as the knowledge theory. The knowledge theory consists of three questions; â€Å"What is the origin of knowledge? What is the reliability of knowledge? & What is the criteria of knowledge? † Rene Descartes and John Locke really looked into epistemology and both had different theories to approach it. John Locke looked at empiricism and Rene Descartes looked at rationalism. John Locke was an English philosopher and formed his opinion around empiricism. Empiricism is an approach to doing philosophy stressing experience as the in road to all knowledge. The human being is a blank slate to him. Locke was a moderate skeptic, who doubted until valid proof was given to substantiate truth claims of a demonstrative and sensitive nature. The foundations of knowledge functioned in the following manner according to Locke. The human being takes in the external world through sensation (the five senses) and gives form to the experiential data through the processes of reflection. To Locke, intuitive knowledge is the most trustworthy because we automatically recognize the agreement or disagreement of ideas without the intervention of a â€Å"proof†. His criterion of knowledge depended on the force and intensity with which someone perceives either agreement or disagreement between ideas. So for example, we know that 2+3=5. We also know that 2+3 does not equal 7. Locke, unlike Descartes, argues against innate ideas. However, Locke believes that we are all born with the ability to acquire knowledge through the organization of sensate data by the cognitive capacities and capabilities we possess at birth, which are innate to the human. Descartes had a different view of epistemology. He argued for rationalism. Rationalism is an approach to philosophy that employs â€Å"pure reason† to acquire instances of fundamental truth. In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes comes up with three fundamental truths by way of pure reason. The first fundamental truth is â€Å"I think, therefore I exist. † This fundamental truth establishes for Descartes the â€Å"essence† of the human being in his philosophy, as the â€Å"thing that thinks. † He is reflecting on himself as the â€Å"object of deception† and reasons that despite being deceived, as long as he can think about it, he exists. Having a clear perception of the fundamental truths can guarantee they can be trusted with absolute certainty and cannot ever be false. The three fundamental truths (self, god, & mathematics) are examples of innate knowledge, or truths that all humans are born with given to by God. Descartes says we can discover these truths through the Meditations, by way of doing philosophy, but we do not pursue these in the same manner we pursue other forms of knowledge such as science. The dream argument is aimed at the external world. It says that â€Å"I often have perceptions very much like the ones I have while I’m dreaming. There are no definite signs to distinguish dream experience from wake experience, so it is possible that I am dreaming right now and all my perceptions are false. † In my opinion, I think that John Locke’s position on empiricism is more philosophically sound to me. Just to re-cap, empiricism is an approach to doing philosophy stressing experience as the in road to all knowledge. The human being as a blank slate really makes sense to me. We automatically know that we can agree or disagree without having to have proof to go along with it. I think that sense experience is always the starting point to knowledge. I think in order to learn something in life you have to experience it first. You can’t just go out and expect the knowledge to be in your brain for no reason. For example, how would you know what the color blue looks like if you were born blind? You would need to use your senses to try and understand what the color is. God couldn’t just put it in your mind because it’s something that you just need to see. Also, you can learn from the experiences you go through. If you do something and it ends up being wrong, then you learn from that experience and how you can go about it differently next time. In my opinion, rationalism has some defects that would make it harder to understand philosophically. A rationalist comes to believe that knowledge is a lot like math. So pretty much, it is knowledge that comes before experience. Something that you already know, but have never experienced before. I think that is a bit problematic because how can you know something that you never experienced? Epistemology plays a big role in philosophy as does John Locke and Rene Descartes. They both have great views on epistemology looking at rationalism and empiricism. When thinking about rationalism, we know that knowledge can be acquired through reason alone and that we don’t need experience. But when thinking about empiricism, we know that we learn through our experiences as a person. Justifying truth as a philosopher, I would agree more with Locke’s view on empiricism. I believe that everything happens for a reason, and that you need experience to learn, and to grow as a person.

My Personal and Professional Development Plan Essay

It is a journey of the self to contemplate all the happenings going on around. I can say that I have reached the middle of the road with regard to my journey in life. I am now entering a new phase of my life. My graduation is almost near. I have to face the new world in order for me to continue my journey on this earth. I remember when I first entered this university. I do not have friends before; I also remember the times when I am longing for my parents. I miss them so much but because of my determination to study here, I managed to cope up with my new environment. I remember how I felt whenever I’m alone. I also remember the hard times during my first day here. The way of life, the attitudes of the students and of course, the expectations from my instructors and professors gave me some intense feeling of being new to this university. But as days passed I learned how to mingle with them and cope with my new environment. Now, the time is near to end my journey in this stage of my life. My journey in college is coming to an end. I am so excited to face a new period in my life. As I move on to my journey, I want to spend time with my family and catch up with my friends. I want to go out on a vacation where I can loosen up a bit. I am planning to go to a place where I can relax and think of nothing but myself. By the time I graduate, I will visit my family back in Brazil and I will visit all the places that I’ve been. This will give me time to think about my future; on what path would I take. I will also visit my old friends to reconnect with them, and try to enjoy my vacation there. By the time I go back to work, I will see to it that I will be promoted after five months. I will instill in mind that I need to be promoted, this is my way in motivating myself to achieve what I have planned. I will also enroll in a university to get a Master’s degree. I plan to get a management degree because I want to have a managerial position in my workplace. We know for a fact that having a greater education gives you a chance to compete in the market that is, having a higher position in a company. I believe that the adult tasks, unique to each period and era of the adult life are intertwined with the issues and problems inherited from our childhood, and are mediated by dynamic pressure from socioeconomic and historical aspects of life from within the cultures and societies where we live. Helping put our adult lives back in balance with our inner resources, and understanding the contradictions and conflicts built into our life patterns — between who we are and who we want to be, between what we love and what we must do, between our often clashing commitments — this is often the task that underlies the resolution of psychological symptoms and suffering. With these challenges in life, an individual learn to know himself/herself better and try to do something about it. Each and every one of us has experienced this kind of situation and we try to solve it as soon as the problem arises. Going back to my previous papers I mentioned that I have been into sorrow but I think of positive thoughts to divert my attention and see to it that these challenges in my life will help me grow. I am grateful for the incidents in my life that I have experienced. It made me who I am— a stronger woman. Forgetting and learning from your experiences, makes you more knowledgeable about realities of life. As human being, we have differences and similarities. Thus, according to Levinson, â€Å"human life cycle is universal, yet each life is different†; that both sexes have developmental histories to some extent unique to their own gender, but the overall pattern in the adult development. This follows the same structure of eras and alternating periods. Adult Development Theory helps us see more of our connectedness to the rest of life, primarily through our experience of living within the limits of a relatively invariant, species-specific life cycle, containing nevertheless within it, the creative potential of individual variability (Kitrrell, 1998). My plan in achieving my goals: personal and professional I mentioned earlier that I first planned to graduate for me to get a decent job. In order for me to get a high grades I would have to keep in mind that nothing is more important than finishing all the requirements needed for me to graduate. One of my mottos this school year was to graduate and find a job that will help me enhance my knowledge about my course. And time is near for me to accomplish my goal with regard to my education. One of my personal goals is to develop my profession and apply the knowledge that I have learned during my stay here at the University. I want to help others in building their own dreams. I want to have smooth relationships with my co-workers. I want them to know me better. In helping them with their tasks, they will also help me with mine. thus, my growth with regard to personal and professional life go hand in hand, that is, i can develop my relationship with others by making them my friends and at the same time, they help me enhance my professional growth—making good at my job. Doing your job is not good enough to say that you are growing professionally. An individual needs a harmonious relationship with people surrounding him/her to understand and do his/her work better. In it, the individual will not have any conflicts with his/her co-workers. S/he will be happy and enjoys his/her tasks in the office. Adjustment is the key in making a harmonious relationship with others. It is very important in work and also with personal life, rather than likability, meaning it is more important to interact within your co-workers than to impress them. If a person wants to impress others, s/he must communicate will with others s/he must mingle with them. In this way, s/he will be understood by them and they may help him/her in his/her endeavor in work. Being friends with your co-workers makes your work load more fun and you will not feel the pressure in doing your assigned tasks. So, I must adjust to the people in my workplace and in the society that I belong. I will see to it that I will not have any conflict with them. I will befriend them to help me cope with the new environment that I enter. I will share my thoughts to them for them to understand me better and try to use it as an instrument in accepting me as part of their company. I also want promotion, so I am planning to have a higher education, I will enroll for masteral and at the same time do good in my work. I will attend conferences if necessary to help me gain more credentials for the promotion that I want. I just want to achieve this in my first two years of work. After attending masterals, I plan to have my PhD to have a higher position in my recent workplace or maybe I can have a career move where I can improve my ability and skills with regard to what I have studied. But before I achieve these goals, I will develop a clear and highly specific career goals and objectives for myself. I believe in the goodness and attainability of my goals— I being accountable for the consequences that may occur. I will strive towards reaching my goals and dreams one day at a time. I see my career as a vehicle that will help me take my goals. I will commit myself emotionally and psychologically to turn my dreams into reality. But first, I need to focus on what I want to do, that is, to have a vacation for myself. I will plan my goals base on its attainability—short- and long-term goals. Second, I need to eliminate excuses for not moving forward toward my goals. I will put my career plan that maps out specific moves I can make toward my goals on a daily basis. From what I have found on my assessments, I now develop an awareness of what I want to do. Two years from now, I want to finish my Master’s degree. Five years from now, I want to have a child and have a beautiful family of my own. And ten years from now I want to have a top position in a company and make a name in the business industry. My ideal job would enable me to grow personally and professionally. This job will help me enhance my ability and skills in communicating with others. As I graduate from this university, I will step-up for more formal education in order for me to attain my goal. We all know that having a higher education will give you a chance to compete on the job market. This way, I can improve my personality. Having a good job is not enough. I want to get more than what I have. At my recent job, I will try my best to do my job for me to be promoted. Being a CSR, I won’t try arguing with unhappy customers. If I can’t handle them, I better call my manager. I also want to receive feedback about my performance at work once a week. I will use these feedbacks to improve my work, and to be more efficient employee. I will use my resources to my advantage. Performance is a very important factor for every individual. It is created to assess individual action with regard to how s/he conducted his/her own acts. Interacting with others help someone assess his/her action on how and what should s/he do to act accordingly, that is, behaving in a manner where s/he is supposed to act. Each and every one of us is expected to act in every situation we encounter. An individual could maintain an ideal role within the situation. As a student, I must study hard and do all my assignments to conform to the rules and regulations of the school. I must act as a student in order for me to perform my role as a student. By doing this, I learned how to assess my work according to the standards of the University. The road to success Happiness is connected to personal effectiveness wherein you feel contentment within yourself. For me, personal effectiveness is doing what you want, getting yourself from where you are to where you want to be, that is, achieving what you want in life. Thus, it takes a lot of effort to say that an individual is successful in doing the things that s/he wants. Defining personal effectiveness is the same as how we define success. We individuals seek success being intertwined with happiness. We can say that success is having the things that you want—earning money for yourself and your family, getting the highest paying job in town, having all the things that the world offers, and the likes. We define success with regard to tangible and intangible factors— the materials that we use in determining success and the feeling that we feel inside in getting that success. As I mentioned in my previous paper, I defined happiness as a pleasurable satisfaction, a state of well-being and contentment—being happy of what you have. Regret is a way of depressing yourself of not getting what you want or doing what you should have done. Seeing my mistakes and my weaknesses enables me to improve my worth as an individual. This made me more effective citizen, student, daughter, friend and a partner. And I try to live one day at a time in order for me to achieve my goals in life. In this way, I can avoid myself of feeling too overwhelmed with my limits and emotions. I will be entering a new page in my life, as I go on with this great transition, I realized that my experiences and the people around me have a great impact of who I am today and what will I be tomorrow. My future depends on how I plan to go on with my life—my future! I can say that I am contented of what I have right now but I am not satisfied of where I am today. I want to explore more of my world. I want to excel from my job and I plan to have a very good life, that is, being successful and all the people around me are happy with what they have, especially my family. Prior to graduation, I plan to have good, if not better grades. I want to make it better for me to land a job that will help me earn enough money that is salary that will enhance my way of living. I don’t want to have a failing mark. This will reflect my personality as individual. Failing mark means I didn’t do my best to pass my course. In order for me to achieve this, I will read all my reading assignments and complete all the requirements that are needed to be submitted. I will see to it that I will pass my entire exam. I will love and enjoy my course and look at every single test as a challenge in making me more responsible individual. Taking responsibility in all your actions make an individual is more assertive of what s/he wants to achieve. My family is very important to my life, I want them to be happy with their own life and be successful with their chosen field. I want my mother to be more understanding and I will see to it that she is happy right now. I want her to feel that we, her children love her very much. I want my family to be complete and witness my graduation. I want to share my achievement with them. They are my strength and joy. Without them, I cannot overcome all the obstacles that came my way. They are the one whom I run to whenever I have a problem. They gave me good advices on how to handle my problems. Even though they are not with me, they are always here in my heart. Daniel Levinson’s theory of adult development Adult development theory presents a vivid understanding of life cycle. Daniel Levinson worked out his theories of adult development in two landmark studies, Seasons of a Man’s Life and Seasons of a Woman’s Life. He argues essentially that the adult portion of the human life span is divided into three eras: early, middle, and late adulthood. Each of these broad eras are themselves divided between entry or initial stages and ending or more-or-less stable stages. Think of the difference and quality of the life structure and goals of a 24 year old as compared with a 34 year old, and you will get a sense of the internal changes that occur within otherwise specific eras, i. e. , both a 24 year old and a 34 year old would be considered young adults within the Levinsonian perspective. The divisions between the life eras are marked by significant transitional periods that can last for some years. Life during these shifts can be seen as rocky or smooth, noisy or quiet, but the quality and significance of one’s life commitments often change between the beginning and end of such periods. I chose this theory to plan my future because it enables me to think of the differences and similarities of characteristics between the two sexes and also to compare the experience of the adulthood with the late-adulthood stage and the other stages of life as discussed by Levinson. This theory reflects essential changes that adults undergo. Thus, it provides a clearer view of what reality is. This theory can be applied in planning on with your life. It will make you aware of the things that you don’t bother to know. This will help you analyze your work and performances as part of the society. This will enhance your knowledge about your role in the society. This will enable you to view things in a broader way, i. e. , having a positive outlook in life in entering the new phase of your life. This theory also presents a good foundation for understanding goal setting of individuals entering into particular adult stages (Minter & Samuel, 1998). If you know your goals, probably you will know where you are heading to. This perspective on adult development is important for us, adults to understand. This will enable us to resolve important transitional issues during the vital periods in our lives. Thus, each transitional period is needed so that changes in individuation and relationships are attained by concerned individuals (Wheeler-Scruggs, 2008). This model is created to promote individuation and build relationships among individuals that they may use in getting what they want in life. These changes bring greater sense of autonomy and give a greater expression and achievement of one’s self-potential (Wheeler-Scruggs, 2008). Thus, individuals go through the various stages and transitions in order for them to become more self-reliant. Its nature is focused on building characteristics that would help the individual attain his/her personal and professional goals. It is also used to create rapport with each and every individual concerned. This would help the individuals reach their goals. Building rapport is very important in making your goals attainable. If you communicate well with other, they will help you achieve your goals by giving you information that you need. For instance, as a CSR I need to build rapport to the customers for them to give a positive feedback in which they will be nice to me thus, making my work easy. And with regard to my co-workers, I need to build rapport for them to help me in my job, giving some advices if I experience some difficulties in my job. Thus, this will help each and every one to improve their work and at the same time develop personal relationships. As I have mentioned earlier, we need each other in order for us to grow. With the help of others, we will achieve the set goals we planned for ourselves. As I assess my performance, I see my potentials to be growing. These potentials include my leadership ability and interpersonal skills which I can use in communicating at work. I will try to develop my weaknesses into strengths for me to improve myself, personally and professionally. This will also be of help to us in communicating with each other. Every student must know that they need their teachers for them to gain knowledge and improve their way of thinking. The teachers may help their students in developing their potentials and skills which they will use in communicating with others, most especially with regard to their work. Conclusion After planning all my walks in life, I would like to slowly acquire my goal. I will stick to my plan. As I have said earlier, I want to achieve my goal one step at a time. I believe that all my plans are reachable. I divided my plans into two: long-term goal and short-term goal. I would focus first on short-term goal: to be promoted in my work, to have a vacation with my family in Brazil, to visit my friends, to extend my family by having a new French bulldog in my house, and to graduate; and then work on to my long-term goals: having a good life with my own family and for my mom to be happy with what we, her children have achieved in life, and be one of the best Psychologist in town. This assignment enables me to reflect on how I manage my life after graduation. I have learned that in order to succeed in life, an individual must look at all the aspects of life before planning his/her future, that is, reflecting on the experiences s/he had and planning the future. Thus, development means assessing your own life and making all the necessary steps to achieve my goals. I learned that in order to achieve your dreams, you must decide to for Utopia, which means going beyond the reach of the society until we overcome the obstacles that stand in our way. These obstacles include negativism, fear, depression, and the problems they create— discouragement, economic stagnation, crime, drug dependency, family distrust, etc. At this moment in my life, I can say that I have achieved something for myself—overcoming the obstacles that came my way. This helped me have a positive outlook in life. Thus, I will prioritize myself, of what I want to do and where I want to go. Through this process I will know that I will be a successful psychologist someday. References Kitrrell, D. (1998). A Comparison of the Evolution of Men’s and Women’s Dreams in Daniel Levinson’s Theory of Adult Development. Journal of Adult Development, 5(2), 105-115. Minter, L. E. & Samuel, C. A. (1998). The Impact of ‘the Dream’ on Women’s Experience of the Midlife Transition. Journal of Adult Development, 5(1), 31-43. Wheeler-Scruggs, K. S. (2008). Do Lesbians Differ from Heterosexual Men and Women in Levinsonian Phases of Adult Development? Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(1), 39-46.

Marketing Objectives Essay

1. Explain why it is important for a business to have clear marketing objectives? It is important that a business has clear marketing objectives because it gives them a target to work towards. In 2010 Asda set its objective to overtake Tesco as Britain’s largest retailer of non-food items. It is important that its clear because objectives should be made using the acronym SMART goals, the objective set by Asda fits in with this really well apart from it does not state a time period. 2. What do businesses mean by the term ‘ vision’? A vision is a company’s projection of what they want to achieve in the future. It should be ambitious, relevant , easy to communicate and capable of motivating staff or maybe even inspire them. 3. Why is it Important that marketing objectives should be rooted in through market research? 4. state the four main types of marketing objectives? * Increasing product differentiation * Growth * Continuity * Innovation b. decide which one is most likely to be important for * Coca-Cola – continuity * Yorkie bar – growth/ continuity * Dyson appliances- innovation 5. why might a firm seek to increase the product differentiation of one of its brands? A firm may want to increase its product differentiation because when your make your product different from the competitors it allows you to increase your profit margins per sale because. This is because customers see your product in a different light due to the usp you have marketing strategies. 6. What problems might a firm face if it focuses solely upon short term objectives? 7. Is it essential that marketing objectives should be written down in detail? It is not completely essential to write down your marketing objectives however writing them down allows you to work with people from outside the business. These are people like potential investors , by writing down your objectives they can see how successful you currently are and If your meeting the objective they can also make their own opinions on weather or not they think you will be successful in the future there for deciding weather or not they will invest in your business. 8. What is meant by internal constraints ? Internal constraints are factors that may occur that restrict the chances of the objectives seceding, internal constraints are theses that happen within a firm. These are things such as finance, personnel constraints and market standings. 9. outline two external constraints that might affect car sales over the coming months? The economy because we currently are sitting in a recession therefore people are not as willing to spend money on luxury products such as a new car. One other point is competition, the car market it a extremely competitive Market with some very well established brands, such as Honda , Landover and Nissan the list is endless.A Car business sales may be effected because their sales that they may have had has gone to the other car sales company’s in the market. 10. Identify and explain two problems a firm might face face if it makes marketing decisions without using a decision framework such as the marketing model?

Politics and Beliefs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics and Beliefs - Term Paper Example This essay discusses that according to Cloninger, for a certain group of people, ideology is important and performs four functions. The first function is it describes the surroundings and answers question why things go as they are. The second of these functions is the evaluation of the surrounding whether good or bad. The third of the functions of ideology is to give the person or group of people a sense of identity. The most important of the functions is the programmatic aspect where ideas are applied into actions. Political ideology is therefore a very important aspect of human nature. A political ideology according to Cloninger is like a revolutionary movement at first that will try to create change according to the goals in life as they wish. Gerring in Chris Livesey’s work entitled Power and Politics defined â€Å"Ideologies† (a set of related beliefs and values) become political ideologies when they â€Å"specify a concrete programme of actions† (such as pa rty manifesto). Mullins described political ideologies as a program of collective action for the maintenance , alteration and transformation of society†. Livesey stated that a conventional way to classify political ideologies is to view them as a continuous line (the continuum) with two ends: â€Å"left wing† parties including Communist and Socialist and â€Å"right wing† parties such Conservative and Fascist. Rummel also identified major political ideologies by illustrating a political triangle. ... They advocate the view that capitalism is a form of exploitation which unfairly concentrates powers and wealth among the few people only. Socialists believe that capitalism creates inequality in a society and does not work in the interest of the majority. According to Rummel (n.d.), libertarianism is the â€Å"political formula for those who opposed to state power.† Thus these are people who wanted to do as things their own way and support basic civil freedoms. Authoritarianism leans more on â€Å"the traditions and customs and central power lies in the hands of a leader who maintains such tradition and policies (Rummel, n.d.). Political Socialization Political socialization is defined as â€Å"the process by which political culture is transmitted in a given society. It occurs at both the individual and community level, and it extends beyond the acquisition of political culture to encompass the learning of more sophisticated political ideas and orientations. Political social ization is a lifelong process and a variety of individuals and institutions contribute to its shaping effect†(http://imej.wfu.edu, Political Socialization). This process of transmission is carried through the agents of socialization which include family, schools, church, friends and media. Family is considered to be the most important agent of socialization. Most likely, children will have the same political affiliation as their parents. Schools on the other hand also have vital effect on students’ political values through peer groups. Religion also affects a person’s values and ideologies through their moral teachings. Friends also influence a person’s value through sharing of thoughts and constant communication. Media

EXPLAIN WHAT ADRIENNE RICH MEANS BY A POLITICS OF LOCATION IN STORY Essay

EXPLAIN WHAT ADRIENNE RICH MEANS BY A POLITICS OF LOCATION IN STORY NOTES TOWARD A POLITICS OF LOCATION EXPLAIN IF AGREE OR DISAGREE - Essay Example She describes that the form of her body (white and female) has helped to shape how she interacted with the world while growing up, and how the world interacted with her as a white female person. She goes on to say that while she can be identified as certain things by looking at the form of her body, it does not define who she has become as a person. Rich describes the politics of Marxism and Leftist feminism as being cut off from the reality of actual women moving through the world. Because feminism at this point in time had become without identity (â€Å"faceless, raceless, classless†) she feels that the theories that feminism was based upon could no longer be used to justify feminism. Once again, she thinks, the small minority are defining the majority without really understanding the people they are defining. I think she means this to be a parallel to white patriarchal culture, except that now it was white feminism limiting the understanding of women. By using her own body as a base for location, and turning away from the politics that formed feminist thinking up to 1985, Rich gives me the feeling that she would approve of feminism in 2009. Today we try to accept each individual as he or she happens to be and ignore a lot of stereotyping. We are not perfect, and still have not found a complete answer to the question â€Å"Who is we?† but we are still

Islamic art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Islamic art - Essay Example Islamic art often adopts worldly elements and elements that are frowned upon, if not prohibited, by some Islamic theologians. The initial stages of Islamic art: The period of swift development of the Islamic epoch forms a convincingly accurate beginning for the label of Islamic art. Diverse Art conceptions have found in the history such as: Umayyad art Abbasid art Spain and the Maghreb Egypt and Syria Iran and Central Asia. Fatimid period (969-1175): The Fatimids manifestly had a taste for carefully made-up gold work and complicatedly engraved vessels of rock crystal, a type of translucent, monochrome quartz whose exterior can be luminously polished. The glass working was also a highly urbanized art form. The lavishness of the Fatimid court fueled resurgence in the ornamental arts, which made Cairo the most significant cultural core in the Islamic world. Nearby, Old Cairo, known as al-Fustat, became a chief center for the manufacturing of pottery, glass, and metalwork, and rock-cryst al, ivory, and wood carving, textile factories run by management officials created tiraz fabrics in the name of the caliph somewhere else in the Egyptian district, particularly the Nile Delta. The artwork from this era exemplifies the inventiveness and resourcefulness of Fatimid craftsmen. The procedure of lusterware on ceramic, developed in the beginning in Iraq, was invigorated in Egypt and Syria. Some lusterware pieces from this age are signed by their makers, a sign of the admiration in which the craftsmen were kept. Wood statuette and jewelry were executed with equivalent dexterity and creativity. Fatimid artists created new enhancing motifs and made better use of figural forms, both human and animal. Figures were stylized but vigorous, while customary vegetal and geometric ornaments maintained their conceptual excellence. Artists of this time revitalized or sustained previous techniques but gave them their own distinguishing stamp. The Abbasid period (8th-13th): in the Abbasid rule, which succeeded the Umayyads (661–750), the central spot of Islamic political and artistic living shifted eastward from Syria to Iraq, where, in 762, Baghdad, the circular City of Peace (madinat al-salam), was founded as the new center. The former two centuries of Abbasid rule saw the appearance and spreading of a new Islamic approach of art where the introduction of purely Islamic forms and techniques took place. Textiles: Of the numerous varied arts that prospered in the Abbasid period, textiles played a particularly momentous character in civilization, one that sustained in succeeding periods. Textiles were omnipresent in Islamic lands, allocated as clothes, domestic furnishings, and convenient architecture (tents). The production of and buying and selling in textiles were exceedingly classy and lucrative industries that built upon Byzantine and Sasanian background. Often made with expensive supplies such as silk and gold and silver wrapped yarn and adorned with com posite designs, textiles were lavish goods suggestive of wealth and social standing. Islamic textiles were also broadly exported to the West, where their eminence is underscored by their effect on European languages. Did you know that the English words "cotton" and "taffeta" are obtained, respectively, from Arabic and Persian? Pottery: The skill of pottery was profoundly developed in the ninth

Response Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Structure - Essay Example Road incidents cause congestion on highways and freeways. Because of the importance of traffic incidents, crisis management providers of service, and law enforcement agencies are working towards â€Å"incident management† in many cities of United State. It can be defined as a planned, organized, and methodical utilization of institutional, technical, scientific, industrial, perfunctory resources to lessen the time and shock of incidents, and enhance the safety of victims and motorists and car riders on the highways in case of road incidents. (Balke, K.N. Fenno, D.W., Ullman, B. (November 2002)). Intensity of incident management differs considerably from one state to another. In many areas, an intricate traffic control system that make use of video observation cameras and other automatic accident exposure systems to watch the freeways and also to counter possible incidents situations. Other areas like Texas use service patrols or motorist supportive patrols that go about the freeways and monitor incidents and give adequate help to vehicles or put immobilized vehicles off the roads. (Balke, K.N. Fenno, D.W., Ullman, B. (November 2002). Evaluation of the incident management system is the measurement of own incident management system to the set goals or objectives. By the use of performance evaluation, agencies can achieve the following: The Coordinator of Texas State Incident Management Team, Bob Koenig, believes that to increase the State’s potential for managing incidents in Texas should be guided by multiple periods of operations, by using various resources and also by following several authorities. He works for the missions for Hurricane response. (Koenig, B. (2010) In many areas all cross the United States of America, different societies work for different parts of the process of incident management. Their sole objective is protecting people and working for their betterment. (Balke, K.N. Fenno,

Problems with Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Problems with Cosmetic Surgery - Essay Example The main conclusion of the work will be made through the definition of the major backgrounds for such situation.The aim of this work is to perform a clear research on the problems, which now exist in the cosmetic surgery but are often made invisible for usual consumers with the aim of getting higher profits and not loosing the face of the cosmetic surgery industry as it is. The main conclusion of the work is that cosmetic surgery hides vast amount of problems, which should be understood by those who considers the possibility of going through such operation. Cosmetic surgery at present has become a huge industry with enormous turnovers and fantastic profits. It is not a secret that famous people and movie stars got used to create numerous sensations with each cosmetic surgery performed. However, the problems which cosmetic surgery creates should not be underestimated, because the amount of those, who are openly satisfied with the results is lower than of those who are secretly dissatisfied with the results of the surgery and see no need in addressing the public for the solution of these problems. Thus, it is necessary to underline the present state of cosmetic surgery and to distinguish the main problems which it presents. Cosmetic surgery has now acquired the scales of the real commercial industry, and a certain portion of works and studies was devoted to the description of the problems which cosmetic surgery presents. However, not much has been said about commercialization and the background reasons for such cosmetic surgeries' popula rity. Why women strive so much for making cosmetic surgeries, and why even teenage girls undergo such operations The reasons are to be defined in this paper. The more money the person is able to earn, the more seducing challenges this person desires to meet. Cosmetic surgery has become the challenge, which many aging women want to meet as soon as they have enough money for that. They often make it the brightest event in their life, though not understanding that such surgery may present serious consequences. Cosmetic surgery nowadays gives more questions, than answers, and more problems, than solutions. Of course, many celebrities have gone through such surgeries, but very often it is seen at a glance that surgery had been done unsuccessfully - their faces sometimes look as if they constantly smiled or were constantly surprised. These are the consequences of the low-quality cosmetic surgeries, and far not all people understand, that they won't be more perfect than they are in their present state. One of the main problems of cosmetic surgery is that for the aims of acquiring extra profits, the industry does not provide consumers and patien ts with the fullest information about the possible negative consequences and obstacles. Cosmetic surgery is taken by most women as a casual daily routine action, without any serious attitudes and deep understanding of the issue. However, it is still surgery, similar to many others. The number of the operation per year constantly increase - it is stated that for example, in the UK the number of cosmetic surgeries is equal to 75,000 per year which is huge number for such small country, while the number of cosmetic surgeries in the US was more than 11.5 million in 2005. (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery) However, as many operations are carried out by highly qualified specialists, there

Humanitarianism and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Humanitarianism and Security - Essay Example This essay declares that humanitarianism operates in the best historical of emancipator ethics. It aspires to keep people alive, to expand their opportunities, and to provide them much control over their fates. It does that through various interventions, all defended on the basis that they improve the welfare and health of others who are too powerless and weak to help themselves. A variety of private and public actors contributes to humanitarian action, among them states, commercial outfits, religious bodies, philanthropies and various individuals. This paper makes a conclusion that humanitarian action they play a crucial function in saving lives across the globe. Humanitarianism as a doctrine ought to be man's duty to strive to promote the welfare of fellow mankind. In practicality, this has not been the case in many countries. Many academicians and other professional have questioned whether development and humanitarianism conventionally related. They have critic the ever increasingly involvement of government in humanitarian assistance and their motives. Humanitarian aid has been seen to be used as a political tool. However in recent years there has been hope in ‘new humanitarianism’. There exist a ‘new humanitarianism’ for the new century. ‘New humanitarianism’ is ‘principled,' ‘human rights focused and always politically sensitive. ‘New humanitarianism’ marks a break from the historical governance of humanitarian programs. It is a new concept in humanitarians a nd advocates for the system claims it can only get better with time.

Spanish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spanish - Essay Example Ellen y yo aprendimos espaol varios aos antes de casarnos. Nos conocimos en la Universidad Columbia. Ellen se gradu como psicloga y yo me gradu como traductor. Desde que nos mudamos a Santo Domingo conseguimos trabajo como profesores de ingls como segundo idioma en el Instituto Cultural Domnico-Americano. Al mismo tiempo mi esposa da clases de Psicologa en la Universidad Autnoma de Santo Domingo y yo trabajo como traductor en el Internet y tengo varios clientes en el rea de los negocios de bienes races. Nuestro hijo se llama Paul y estudia en el Colegio del Instituto Cultural Domnico-Americano. A todos nos gusta vivir aqu porque la vida en este pas es ms tranquila que en Nueva York. No vivimos con tanta prisa como se vive en Nueva York y nuestros salarios nos permiten vivir cmodamente. Adems de la gente nos gusta mucho el clima. Podemos decir que casi siempre es primavera, pero en verdad es como el verano casi todo el tiempo. No es un calor hmedo como en Nueva York. Es un calor diferente y vestimos ropa casual todo el tiempo. Tengo 5 pies y 6 pulgadas. Mi cabello es negro. Mis ojos son tambin negros. Tengo una personalidad extrovertida y me gusta compartir con la gente sobre temas espirituales. Dios es el centro de mi vida y mi esposa tambin confa mucho en Dios. Por eso nos llevamos tan bien.

Report based on a Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report based on a Case Study - Essay Example Moreover, the computer graduates need to cover a gestation period of around one year before being totally equipped to join the profession. The above reasons contribute to the lack of a proper skilled and technically proficient workforce in the region. To this end, it is found that a non-profit organization Geekcorps Ghana is endeavoring to rejuvenate the industrial base of the small and medium industries by arranging needed expertise. Geekcorps Ghana is a part of Geekcorps International and it operates based on the mission of transferring technological expertise from the developed countries to the region of Ghana. The non-profit organization operates in the pattern of hiring technical volunteers from developed countries like America who would help in making the small and medium sized industries technically strong and efficient. Technical Volunteers from the developed countries come on a three to four month stint to Ghana and operate to make the industries become technically sound. (I CT-Enabled Development Case Studies Series: Geekcorps of Ghana, 2004). In regards to the stakeholder approach to the case study on Geekcorps Ghana it is found that its activities has helped in generating certain definite and distinct interest groups. It is found that the technical support rendered through the transferring of technical expertise has helped developed the condition of technical students and enterprises operating in the private sector. Moreover, the activity of the non-profit organization has also generated impact on technical team of volunteers hired from developed countries. (ICT-Enabled Development Case Studies Series: Geekcorps of Ghana, 2004). A detailed analysis of the stakeholders is presented as under. It is observed that the computer science educational pattern of the Universities operating in the region of Ghana depended on a traditional framework. The students graduating in Information Technology from these Universities were found to depend

Some advantages and disadvantages of a questionnaire Essay Example for Free

Some advantages and disadvantages of a questionnaire Essay All lecturers come in contact with questionnaires whether it is the standard end of year course questionnaire or one that is used in research. These questionnaires come in many different forms from: factual to opinion based, from tick boxes to free text responses. Whatever their form, questionnaires are often viewed as quick and easy to do. This is not always the case. To get useful responses, in a cost-effective way, it is important to be clear about the aim of the questionnaire and how the responses will help you improve the learning technology or its implementation. Think also about the analysis of results. It can be sobering to consider the amount of data you will generate and the time it will take to analyse. Some advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires follow. Notes on how to deal with some of the disadvantages are also provided, as are some references to more comprehensive information on questionnaires. Some disadvantages of questionnaires: Questionnaires, like many evaluation methods occur after the event, so participants may forget important issues. Questionnaires are standardised so it is not possible to explain any points in the questions that participants might misinterpret. This could be partially solved by piloting the questions on a small group of students or at least friends and colleagues. It is advisable to do this anyway. Open-ended questions can generate large amounts of data that can take a long time to process and analyse. One way of limiting this would be to limit the space available to students so their responses are concise or to sample the students and survey only a portion of them. Respondents may answer superficially especially if the questionnaire takes a long time to complete. The common mistake of asking too many questions should be avoided. Students may not be willing to answer the questions. They might not wish to reveal the information or they might think that they will not benefit from responding perhaps even be penalised by giving their real opinion. Students should be told why the information is being collected and how the results will be beneficial. They should be asked to reply honestly and told that if their response is negative this is just as useful as a more positive opinion. If possible the questionnaire should be anonymous. Some advantages of questionnaires: The responses are gathered in a standardised way, so questionnaires are more objective, certainly more so than interviews. Generally it is relatively quick to collect information using a questionnaire. However in some situations they can take a long time not only to design but also to apply and analyse (see disadvantages for more information). Potentially information can be collected from a large portion of a group. This potential is not often realised, as returns from questionnaires are usually low. However return rates can be dramatically improved if the questionnaire is delivered and responded to in class time.

Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La

Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La INTRODUCTION Rationale Under the growing trend towards globalization, English is known as the most preferable language used in every field of mans life. No one can deny the usefulness of this language in enhancing international communication among individuals, organizations, as well as nations in this fast-changing world. Not surprisingly, English is a tool for countries all over the world to participate fully in the international network. Giving speech play an important role in any kind of forums, especially in summit conferences like Shangri-La Dialogue. A good speech will show the intentions, feelings, emotions, expectation and even the criticism of the speaker to his audiences. Thus, in order to have an effective and successful speech Shangri-La Dialogue, the speakers have to provide clear and relevant messages. In addition, their intellect, understanding, political stance and consistency need to be performed when the speakers give speech. Besides, the speakers attitude also plays an essential part in making the address more effectively, vividly and persuasively. Not only that the goal of persuasion, the messages are more persuasively and powerfully delivered. I realize that there are so many interesting things that need to be studied in speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. There has been no research so far in Vietnam, to my knowledge, offering a discourse analysis of speeches in Shangri-La dialogues. From these factors, I have decided to choose Adiscourse analysis of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues as the topic of my M.A thesis because of its importance and significance. This thesis is carried out with the hope that the research will be a contribution to present linguistic knowledge and provide Vietnamese learners of English, especially students in the press and diplomatic fields with some useful information about the linguistic features of speeches in political forums. Aims and objectives Aims of the study The study aims to investigate the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. Objectives This paper is designed to aim at the following objectives: To examine the discourse features of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. To study the significant effect of discourse features on opening speeches ( the contents of speech, the intention and attitude of the lecturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) To discuss about the results of the findings so that a generalization of the language can be made. To suggest some implications for teaching English to Vietnamese learners especially students of the diplomacy and press fields. Scope of the Study Within a limited scope of an M.A thesis, this research will focus on studying the discourse topics, the cohesive devices and the stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Research questions In order to achieve the above mentioned aims and objectives, the research will seek to the answers for the following questions: What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics? What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their cohesive devices? What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their stylistic devices? Organization of the study The study is organized into five chapters as follows. Chapter 1, Introduction presents the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research questions to solve, the scope and the organization of the research. Chapter 2, Literature Review and Theoretical Background consists of two parts. The first part is a review of previous studies related to this thesis. The second one is concerned with theoretical concepts of terms : discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. Chapter 3, Methods and Procedures concerns itself with the research method, procedure of data collection, description of samples, data analysis and research procedures. Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion discusses the main purpose of conducting this study. It focuses on answering the research questions about the discourse topics, cohesive devices, and stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. It presents the results and discusses the findings of the study. Chapter 5, Conclusion and Recommendation draws conclusions and suggests some implications basing on the results in previous chapter. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Literature Review Discourse Analysis (DA) is a modern linguistic discipline that covers a wide variety of different fields. Discourse analysis examines language in use both written texts of all kinds and spoken data from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk. Analysis of discourse looks not only at the basic level of what is said, but takes into consideration the contexts which it is used. Thus, discourse analysis not only study language use beyond the sentence boundar, but also analyze naturally occurring language use. It means that discourse analysis is one of the aspects which attract the interest of many linguists and researchers all over the world. Under the heading of discourse analysis, there have been a lot of studies dealing with a wide range of its subfields such as coherence, cohesion, context, conversation analysis, information structure, speech act theory and theme-rhyme. Up to present, many foreign scholars including Halliday and Hasan [30], Brown and Yule [18], Cook [21 ], Hatch [31], Nunan [33] have made great contributions to the field in different approaches and methods. These publications focused on one or another aspect of discourse analysis theory which gave us an overall picture of theoretical background to examine how language is in use. In Vietnam, many linguists have made great contributions to the study of discourse analysis. Tran Ngoc Them [10] has investigated in detail cohesion in Vietnamese texts with Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t and Văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n và   Lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t trong Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t. Nguyen Duc Dan [4] and Nguyen Thien Giap [5] studied discourse analysis from a pragmatic view. Diep Quang Ban [2] has given an overall view of text and utterance especially above the sentence level. Nguyen Hoa with Nghià ªn cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©u dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  chà ­nh trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i [6] and more recently Nguyen Hoa with Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n phà ª bà ¬nh [8]. Besides, there have been a number of master theses dealing with political speeches including: Le Thi Hoang Van [32] made an investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese. In this research, she investigated argumentation power of antithesis and stylistic features of rhetorical devices in antithesis in English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches. Pham Khac Thu [36] did a research on Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The author investigated a wide range of modal expressions used in all the inaugural speeches of the US presidents. Nguyen Thi Hanh [35] investigated into the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches. The study focuses on the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches in terms of characteristics, semantic and pragmatic aspects. Nguyen Uy Dung [34] carried out an investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The study highlighted the use of Stylistic Devices in political speeches by US Presidents. Most of them studied the discourse or a small aspect of political speeches being well-prepared in written texts by the politicians. All study above gave me a useful brief knowledge about discourse and help me have an overview of language definition, language development and its branches in general, and language characteristics in details as well. Beside that, I also recognized that there are some fields which others theses do not deal with. I, myself, would like to contribute my little more effort into them. To the best of my knowledge, up to now, there is little evidence that any research on discourse analysis of opening speeches in dialogues about political issues has been done. Thus, A discourse analysis of Opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues would be conducted with the aim of contributing a minor part to the overall picture of this field. Theoretical background The study will make use of a theoretical framework based on these following fundamental concepts. 2.2.1. Concepts of Discourse 2.2.2. Concepts of Discourse Analysis 2.2.3. Discourse topic a. Topic framework b. Presupposition pools c. Sentential topic and the presupposition pool 2.2.4. Cohesion and Coherence a. Cohesion b. Coherence 2.2.5. Stylistic Devices a. Definition of Stylistic Devices c. Notion of Common Stylistic Devices in speech b. Function of Stylistic Devices 2.2.6. An overview of a speech 3. METHOD AND PROCEDURE Research Design Descriptive method seems to be the most popular tool in doing any linguistic research since linguistics is by nature a descriptive science and the analytic method is typically used to clarify and justify their features. As mentioned above, the aim of this study was to describe and analyze speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Descriptive and qualitative methods were used to give a detailed description of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Quantitative information was also collected to show the frequency of the discourse features of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues along with qualitative information about the discourse features of a speech. Data collection and data analysis Data Collection The data of the study appeared in the form of transcripts of Shangri-La dialogues on the Internet which are based on the criteria defined. They were selected mainly from the following website on August, 2015: https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2013-c890 http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906 http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-diaogue-2007-d1ee https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2006-f1a5 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2014 Data Analysis In this study, more than 14 samples of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues selected for the analysis are in the form of written texts in the sources provided. After collecting these samples of answer, they are analyzed in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. All samples are shown in the following table: Order Date of Opening Dialogues Speaker Length 1st 30 May 2003 Lee Kun Yew 41:32 2nd 30 May 2003 Lee Kun Yew 37:26 3rd 4 June 2004 Goh Chok Tong 40:35 4th 3 June 2005 Lee Hsien Loong 32:45 5th 2 June 2006 Lee Hsien Loong 37:12 6th 1 June 2007 Lee Hsien Loong 45:23 7th 30 May 2008 Lee Hsien Loong 28:50 8th 29 May 2009 Kevin Rudd 36:48 9th 4 June 2010 Lee Myung-Bak 43:15 10th 3 June 2011 John Chipman 30:22 11th 1 June 2012 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 26:18 12th 31 May 2013 Nguyen Tan Dung 25:00 13th 30 May 2014 John Chipman 50:17 14th 29 May 2015 Lee Hsien Loong 38:16 Research procedures The research was conducted with the procedures as follows: Identifying the research topic to study by reviewing the previous studies thoroughly. Collecting documents related to the research in the library and other sources from the Internet. Collecting samples of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues from the Internet. Presenting, describing and analyzing the data in order to find out discourse feature of speeches. Suggesting some implications for language users and further research. The study will be carried out following these steps: Time Work Place April-Sept, 2015 Working on proposal literature review Ä aklak Sept-Nov, 2015 Data collection + initial analysis Ä aklak Nov-Dec, 2015 Analysis Ä aklak Jan, 2016 Update literature review Ä aklak Feb-May, 2016 Writing up Ä aklak June, 2016 Completing first draft Ä aklak July, 2016 Updating first draft Ä aklak July, 2016 Finishing writing MA thesis Ä aklak Aug, 2016 Presenting MA thesis Ä aklak Reliability and Validity In terms of reliability, the source selected to be analyzed is derived from the Internet in English. Regarding validity, this study meets all required criteria. In order to answer the two formulated research questions, the observation and investigation techniques have been chosen to be the main instruments for data collection. The samples are taken from famous English political speeches by a large number of prominent representatives of each nation. REFERENCES In Vietnamese [1] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (1999), Văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n và   lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t trong tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [2] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (2003), Giao tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p, văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n, mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡ch là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡c, lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t, NXB Khoa hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [3] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (2009), Giao tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p, dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và   cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n, Nxb Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c. [4] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c Dà ¢n (1998), Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c, Nxb Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [5] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Thià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Già ¡p (2000), Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [6] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hoà   (1999), Nghià ªn cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©u dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  chà ­nh trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i trà ªn tÆ ° lià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u bà ¡o chà ­ tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Anh và   tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i, Luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n à ¡n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ văn. [7] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hà ²a (2003), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n: Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p, Nxb Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [8] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hoà   (2006), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n phà ª bà ¬nh, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [9] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hà ²a (2008), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n: Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [10] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (1998), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c. [11] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (1985), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i: NXB KHXH. [12] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (2000), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB GiaÃÅ' o duÃÅ' £c. In English [13] Algeo, J., Pyles, T., Wadsworth, T. (2005), The Origins and Development of the English Language, Heinle. [14] Austin, J.L. (1955), How to do things with words, Oxford University Press. [15] Beaugrand, R. and Dresser, W. (1981), Introduction to Text Linguistics, London / New York: Longman. [58] Pham Khac Thu (2010), An Investigation into Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [16] Biber, D., Conrad, S. Leech, G. (2002), Longman student grammar of spoken and written English, (3rd Ed.) England: Pearson Education Limited. [17] Borsley, R. (1999) Syntactic Theory, Second Edition, Arnold, A Member of the Hodder Headline Group [18] Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983), Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [19] Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press [20] Coates, J. (1983), The Semantics of Modal Auxiliaries, London/Canberra: Croom Helm. [21] Cook, G. (1989), Discourse, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [22] Crystal, D. (1992), Introducing Linguistics, Penguin, Harlow. [23] Dontcheva-Navrà ¡tilova, O. (2005), Grammatical Structures in English: Meaning in Context, Brno: Masaryk University. [25] Erhman, M. (1966), The meanings of the modals in present-day American English, The Hague:Mouton Co. [26] Galperin, I.R. (1977), Stylistics, Moscow: Higher School [27] Gee, P. (1999), An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, London, Routledge [28] Gee, P., Green, J. (1998), Discourse analysis, learning, and social practice: A methodological study, Review of Research in Education. [29] Goffman, E. (1981), Forms of talk, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [30] Halliday, M.A.K., Hasan, R. (1976), Cohesion in English, London: Longman. [31] Hatch, E. (1992), Discourse and Language Education, Cambridge University Press. [32] Le Thi Hoang Van (2008), An Investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [33] Nunan, D. (1993), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin Group. [34] Nguyen Uy Dung (2010), An Investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [35] Nguyen Thi Hanh (2012) , An investigation into the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [36] Pham Khac Thu (2010), An Investigation into Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [37] Widdowson, H.G. (1978), Teaching English as Communication, Oxford. [38] Widdowson, H.G. (1994), Linguistics, Oxford University Press. [39] Wright, L. Hope Jonathan (1996), Stylistics-A Practical Course Book, Routledge. [40] Yule, G. (1996), Pragmatics, Oxford University Press. [41] Yule, G. (1997), The study of language, Cambridge University Press. [42] Yule, G. (2006), Oxford practice Grammar Advanced with Answers, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Websites [43] https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches [44] https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9 [45]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la dialogue-2013-c890 [46]http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac [47]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26 [48]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea [49]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906 [50]http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la diaogue-2007-d1ee [51]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la dialogue-2006-f1a5

Cultural Globalization: Advantages and Disadvantages

Cultural Globalization: Advantages and Disadvantages February 14th is an important day for lovers. When this day most people will buy roses and chocolates give to the person they like. We called this day Valentines Day. Valentines Day is from Europe. However, China also has a festival like Valentines Day that is Double Seven Festival. Double Seven Festival is a Chinese traditional festival, in this day most of the girls would go to pray to get a better love. Nowadays most Chinese people do not know what need to do now. This situation tells us the traditional culture is losing. With the reform and opening up in China, lots of new cultures crowed into China. These cultures get into China, a lot of Chinese are interested in these new cultures. Because of this, Chinese culture with the world is getting more and more closed. Nowadays, most Chinese teenagers forget what we should do, when we are in some traditional festival. The major reason of this problem is technology, such as television, internet and transport. Maybe we will lose our traditional culture in the future. So we must to know some advantages and disadvantages of globalization and which thing can affect our culture. To be honest, we do not want to lose our traditional culture. So there are some ways to save our culture. In this ways, we may make the world know more about our culture and learn it. So protect and spread our culture is what teenagers like us should do. Background Information As we know, there are 56 ethnic groups in China; China has a large number of cultures. The Hui nationality is major one of this. Islam from the middle Tang dynasty was introduced into China, by Song dynasty to Ming and Qing dynasties; it has a history of more than 1300 years. By some research that more than 2000 cities and counties in our country, more than 95% of the Hui nationality lived. Hui clothing apparel and han the same generally, men with white hat, women wear a white hat and hair all packaged in it. Now most of the Hui nationality only when hui festival wearing like this. Another one is Miao nationality. Since 1949, Miao has been an official term for one of the 55 official minority groups recognized by the government of the Peoples Republic of China. Miao main living in the south of China, in the province of Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and other places. According to the 2000 Population Census, the number of Miao in China is estimated that there are about 9.6 million. The Miao nationality includes Hmong people as same as other culturally and phonetically related ethnic groups who do not call themselves Hmong. These consist of the Hmu, Kho (Qho) Xiong, and A Hmao. The White Miao (Bai Miao) and Green Miao (Qing Miao) are Hmong groups. Nowadays, some young Hmong people do not speak Hmong or only know a little Hmong. Because of this, we know that our culture is losing. The major reason of this problem is globalization. With the rapid development of science and technology, globalization has not only to promote the development of our economy but also changed our culture. However, the impact of globalization on traditional Chinese culture not only disadvantage but also advantage. Disadvantages of Globalization There are three main aspects in the impact of globalization on culture. One is demise of the traditional festivals, than is limit our cultural innovation another one is control cultural autonomy. This problem can make our losing our culture. These problems can make the loss of our traditional culture so we must pay more attention to this problem. First of all, demise of the traditional festivals is the major effect. In the process of globalization, with the expansion of the cultural exchange and spread of western culture is like the flood into China. However, the reality tells us that as the western festival culture was introduced into China, more and more Chinese people have a special liking to those foreign festivals, and some traditional festivals of Chinas national culture are possible, even forgotten. Such as Double Seven Festival and Valentines Day is similar but many Chinese people know how to do in Valentines Day, do not know to do in Double Seven Festival. Because of this blind obedience and discomfort, which leads to the process of globalization, the traditional festival in the Chinese culture is facing great danger, and even some traditional festivals towards a decline. Next is limiting our cultural innovation. In the process of globalization, we in the production of a large number of advanced high-end technologies imported from abroad. But too much reliance on foreign science and technology, we will actively introduce embodied in, and less on their work in the digestion and absorption. Such as, too many products we just copy this not to learn its specific principles. So we just followed the footsteps of other countries did not go beyond those. These are reflected in the process of globalization, the culture shows lack of innovation. Another one is controlling of cultural autonomy. The process of cultural globalization will inevitably lead to world culture full range of conflict in the world field , occupy a leading global cultural transmission performance for the US-led Western culture in the position of the dominant culture. This situation makes the Chinese people pay more attention to the Western festivals. If this situation continues, we will not have our own traditional festivals. So we need pay more attention for our traditional culture. Advantages of Globalization As we all know, globalization is a double-edged sword. It not only to brought some of the threats and challenges, but also brought us a number of development opportunities. There are two benefits of globalization, one is strengthened, and it attaches great importance to the government for culture. Another one is show the world the Chinese traditional culture. So these two things can accelerate the development of our country. Improving the governments emphasis on culture is a main benefit of globalization. The process of reform and opening up, Chinese government issued a series of measures in national cultural preservation and development, through the cultural legislation, protection system and policy, cultural management, and other means, effectively resist the globalization to culture risk, for example, from central to local government departments, actively take advantage of our unique national culture to declare world cultural heritage. In legislation, the Chinese government has Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn festival, Qingming traditional festival of the national legal holidays. And as Beijing Beijing folk culture rescue project spend large sum of money; Sing big cultural province construction in Hebei province. Nanjing has a history of 2,500 years, held in April 2004, the worlds historical and cultural city of Expo. These are reflected from the side, the government began to pay attention to Chinas national culture. At same time, show Chinese traditional cultures to the world are another point. China as an Oriental ancient civilization with a history of 5000 years, appears to have been in the west is a full of mysterious place. Since the Marco Polo mind has been popular in Europe, Westerners have been the Chinese national culture has a great interest. With the ever-accelerating process of globalization, foreign exchange and dissemination of Chinese culture rapidly. For example, China has been established in many countries in the world Confucius institutes, the world set off a wave of Chinese hot already. More and more foreigners are attracted to Chinas national culture unique charm. This shows also happens to be that the more national, the world, the harmonious thought of ancient Chinese Confucian culture, to solve the conflict of international relations at present stage, also has a great significance. Many Chinese classical philosophies contain simple dialectics thoughts, and in comparison, wes tern philosophy also showed unique charm. In the process of globalization, through international exchanges and interaction of culture, Chinas national culture has on the world stage showed a dazzling brilliance! Conclusion The Chinese nation has a long history of 5,000 years, the culture of grandeur to the development of human culture in the east, and even the whole world widely profound influence, this is enough to worth us forever proud. However, we want to know, the Chinese culture is one of the world culture is very important and extremely characteristic of strengths of Chinese and western culture. We have a lot more than western things, there are also many less than western. Under the international background of the globalization, the development of our national culture is facing the severe test, and full of new opportunities. All in all, it is necessary for us to grasp the cultural globalization, in the spirit of courage to open both absorb useful to Chinese national culture essence of western culture, and emphasize the inner spirit of national culture value, make the national culture and foreign culture blend in the new development opportunity, realize the modernization of Chinese national cultu re.

The Wizard of Oz Essay -- Children Stories Wizard Oz Essays

The Wizard of Oz The Wizard of Oz is a classic, a legend, and a children’s story that will never grow old. Quotes from the story such as â€Å"Toto, I have a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore,† â€Å"Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my,† and â€Å"There’s no place like home,† are ones that will always pop into our heads when someone says â€Å"The Wizard of Oz.† These are the lines that are related right away to the famous story. Dorothy’s long, adventurous trip down the Yellow Brick Road is something that everyone loves to read and watch. It is a story that touches all of us. The 1939 MGM film interpretation of the 1900 published book written by L. Frank Baum, brought this story to life for all of those who were unable to go to the 1902 stage performance. I’ll never forget watching the movie for the first time. Seeing the screen turn from black and white, to beautiful, stunning colors was amazing. Hearing Judy Garland as Dorothy sing â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow† for the first time, left me with a lasting memory. It was as if I felt what she wasfeeling at that moment; that there was a better place somewhere out there- somewhere over the rainbow. Most viewers were able to relate to a character, whether it was the Scarecrow in need of a brain, the Tin Man in need of a heart, or the Cowardly Lion, in need of courage. The obvious message of the story is that there is no place like home. However, The Wizard of Oz has been taken to another level. Individuals such as Henry Littlefield, John Beebe, Joey Green, and others have interpreted the story and have found many different theories to go along with it. Theories include parallels to Populism, Buddhist Taoism, Jungian Psychology, etc. The two main theories that make the most sense are Henry Littlefie... ... L., and Martin, Dick. The Oz Scrapbook. New York: Random, 1977. PageWise. â€Å"What is the Gold Standard?† 20, Oct. 2004, . Populism. â€Å"Farmers and Third Party Politics.† 20, Oct. 2004, . Shippensburg University. â€Å"Carl Jung.† 27 Sept. 2004, . The Wizard of Oz- Turn Me On, Dead Man. â€Å"Littlefield’s Interpretation.† 2004, 27, Sept. 2004, . The Wizard of Oz- Turn Me On, Dead Man. â€Å"The Symbolism of Dorothy.† 2004, 27, Sept. 2004, . The Wizard of Oz- Turn Me On, Dead Man. â€Å"The Symbolism of the Wicked Witch.† 2004, 27, Sept. 2004, .

Earths Ecosystem in Danger :: essays research papers

The study, by 1,360 experts in 95 nations, said a rising human population had polluted or over-exploited two thirds of the ecological systems on which life depends, ranging from clean air to fresh water, in the past 50 years. "At the heart of this assessment is a stark warning," said the 45-member board of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. "Human activity is putting such strain on the natural functions of Earth that the ability of the planet's ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted," it said. Ten to 30 percent of mammal, bird and amphibian species were already threatened with extinction, according to the assessment, the biggest review of the planet's life support systems. "Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel," the report said. "This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on earth," it added. More land was changed to cropland since 1945, for instance, than in the 18th and 19th centuries combined. Getting worse "The harmful consequences of this degradation could grow significantly worse in the next 50 years," it said. The report was compiled by experts, including from U.N. agencies and international scientific and development organizations. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said the study "shows how human activities are causing environmental damage on a massive scale throughout the world, and how biodiversity -- the very basis for life on earth -- is declining at an alarming rate." The report said there was evidence that strains on nature could trigger abrupt changes like the collapse of cod fisheries off Newfoundland in Canada in 1992 after years of over-fishing. Future changes could bring sudden outbreaks of disease. Warming of the Great Lakes in Africa due to climate change, for instance, could create conditions for a spread of cholera. And a build-up of nitrogen from fertilizers washed off farmland into seas could spur abrupt blooms of algae that choke fish or create oxygen-depleted "dead zones" along coasts. It said deforestation often led to less rainfall. And at some point, lack of rain could suddenly undermine growing conditions for remaining forests in a region. The report said that in 100 years, global warming widely blamed on burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories and power plants, might take over as the main source of damage.

Different Styles of Learning Essay

Different styles of learning were the topic of conversation this week during a class discussion. We were asked by our instructor to first discover and talk about what our personal styles of learning are and share what helps us be successful in a learning environment. Next we were tasked to discover what our actual learning abilities were against a few online brainteasers. The information given by these sites have given me a chance to step back and ask myself what and how different styles of learning affect me. With that said, I personal believe that these sites should be used as a generic scale and not a basis of what students true learning potential are. One of the first steps of understanding what kind of student you are is to pin point what your ability to learn is and use your strong points to help push you through your goals. I have learned from this subject that there are several types of learning styles, Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic. Through a short test I completed I learned that I am 46% Auditor, 29% Visual and 25% kinesthetic (Advanogy. com, 2004). From the questions that were asked and the results I received I believe that is test is correct on its calculation. I feel like I learn more accurately under the guidance of a teacher. The second test I took also indicated that I rated highest in aural learning ability (Bixler, 2010). Based on these results from the two web sites. I agree that I prefer to learn by listening and that written tests can slow me down because I tend to read every question to myself. (Advanogy. com, 2004) Motivation and foundation are the two keys I believe in for styles of learning. Motivation â€Å"is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors† Wikipedia (2013). What the definition of motivation doesn’t state is how to get it, and sustain it. In my opinion motivation maybe gained though a few different avenues, such as hardship, prenatal encouragement/guidance and the will to overcome bad life decisions and raise above family, peers and others expectation of you. Without motivation I would not be able to continue through this our any other course I am pursuing. Second, foundation is the ground that builds an object. Without a proper foundation an object cannot stand new obstacles and will most likely fail. Now what I’m referring to is foundation of education. Foundation is one of the keys to a student’s ability to become successful in a learning environment. This is most likely passed down through the leaders of the student’s family. Some of my keys of foundation are; organization skills, importance of building character, compassion and setting feasible short term and long term goal. I unfortunately was not given the best educational opportunity growing up; my parents have always let their children figure out their problems and give little to no guidance. This situation left my education to the wayside, but I will not let that excuse continue to affect my family or myself. I have learned throughout my years in the Coast Guard that you cannot change your past but that you can change your future. To fully understand what different learning styles are, you first have to go out and find them. They cannot found on Internet based test or even someone’s opinion. You must seek the information from qualified educators and bust your tail to better your understanding of a subject.

Critical Analysis of Early Childhood Pedagogy Article Essay

Argument stated that early childhood curriculum needs to be analyzed because the old curriculum was introduced by another culture. â€Å"Early childhood curriculum as defined by Haliwell is also called â€Å"cultural construction work† (Ashby, Grieshaber, p 127) and trading post between boundaries of culture, generations, and sexes (Ashby, Greishaber, p 128). † Consideration is given to the child centered education in order to answer the questions on what to be taught, who decides and who are the learners to develop childhood curriculum into â€Å"person-making† (p128). 2. Is the statement of the problem clear in the beginning to the end? The readings concluded that early education in the past did not respond to the changing circumstances (p. 139) makes it unclear since the circumstance of Australia is becoming a nation with multi-racial population contradict the point that traditional education in the past brought by European countries and the west did not respond to change. Statement is incoherent towards a universal outlook or people go through a phase of â€Å"inculturation â€Å"which if traced back came out from the west or European in origin. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline 3. Evidences that support the arguments which is leading to the conclusion. The argument is to consider the present trend with regards also to the so called child centered learning elaborated in the examples by the PCF (see pages 137-138). However, it did not provide other evidence on the effects of the child centered learning option which undermines classroom behavioral patterns or the teacher and pupil relationship. 4. Relevance of the evidence that support argument is it up to date? Moreover, it criticizes that the old or early childhood programs legitimated diverse cultural viewpoints (page 138). Evidence gathered to answer the question about who to teach and be thought and what should be taught was not very well implicated in the succeeding arguments although it discusses on the aboriginal culture of the nation. 5. Is there sufficient evidence to prove the case? Relevance? What is missing? The argument is to determine the best approach in the present childhood curriculum. However, there are no sufficient evidences if the past or the present trends are successful. 6. What (if any) would be a better order to present to strengthen the line of reasoning? The paper is to consider the methods of teaching early childhood education. What is missing are the comparative analysis or the pros and cons of both the early trend and the new trend which is child-centered. The argument discussed several avenues of conflict especially when culture, sex and generation gaps are examined. 7. Are there examples of flawed reasoning? Attempts to persuade the reader through an appeal to the emotions? Is evidence interpreted and used correctly? The reader is appealed to the emotion of seeking identity to a fast changing world and competencies in teaching (page 137-138). Article did not answer the question on how early childhood education should be taught in Australia. Further there is no conclusion for instance concluding that Child centered pedagogy must also become teacher focused.

The Strong and Durable Digging Equipment – Excavator and Its Parts

Digging equipments for construction is a very strong and durable one. They are usually made of steel which can carry heavy materials without breaking and dig to the ground with the use of the excavator bucket teeth. This part of the machine is built like this so that it will break down the materials that it will dig and it would be easier for the machine to do its task because of this feature. As a result also, it is easier for the bucket to dig through the earth and scoop it up for easy loading and unloading. Excavation is part of a construction project that requires heavy equipment machinery specifically an excavator bucket. It is an attachment that is very useful in construction projects that requires a lot of digging like in making bridges, trenches, ditches and also in mining. The bucket is an application that can be attached even at cranes, tractors, and other construction machinery. As the word itself, its main purpose is to dig and load a larger volume of material that is of great help and at the same time convenient to the workers at mining and construction sites. The excavator bucket suppliers have designed this very efficient machine for a lot of purposes. In the construction area, it is used to break the soil and remove it for the purpose of making trenches, ditches or bridges. Aside from the soil, it can dig through any materials that are within its capacity. In landscaping, it generally is used to excavate the earth so that the area will be designed according to the plans. Moreover, it is used for mining wherein it clears the ground for different mining tasks. In addition it can even dig to the ground to gather raw materials like ore and rocks. Operation of the excavator bucket requires you to be responsible of maintaining it in good shape. Like other machines, it must be checked for any damage and parts that needs to be fixed for it to work well in the area. You must be responsible in keeping it functional and efficient for you to accomplish your work according to your plans. The excavator parts all work together in order to appropriately perform its task. The bucket has a point of attachment wherein it is designed to move and be maneuvered easily according to the wishes of the operator. The tasks and the area that the machine will be used will determine its size. Large and heavy equipment ones are more preferable if you are going to use it on larger projects. Moreover, a compact or smaller in size construction machinery is recommended for small areas and not so big projects. The excavator bucket is indeed very useful in different areas especially that it is a very durable and powerful equipment in digging up materials based on its capacity. It serves a lot of purposes to workers and contractors. Maintenance is also easier if you do daily checkups and inspection on the equipment daily before you proceed with your tasks. Jaw breakers: http://www. hxjq-crusher. com/1. html vibratory feeder: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_14. html combination crusher: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_16. html

Dramatization of Isolation in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s `the Scarlet Letter’ Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter emphasizes the theme of isolation throughout the whole novel. Using a variety of literary techniques and descriptions of emotions and nature, Hawthorne is able to fully depict the inner feelings of hurt suffered by the central characters as a result of severe loneliness and seclusion. The torturous of isolation, are experienced by the key figures, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, each due to different situations and to various degrees. These characters undergo a journey, which separates them from society. Such a journey allows them to explore their needs and desires in an existential quest that ultimately allows them to recognize themselves as individuals. This journey follows a pattern of fall, renunciation, and redemption. The Scarlet Letter is primarily concerned with the thoughts and feelings of Hester Prynne. Hester, being an outcast of society, experiences the most evident and apparent form of isolation. As a symbol of sin, Hester is viewed by the strict Puritanical town as an outsider, a presence of evil, and, ultimately, one who is detested by God. The town’s harsh condemnation of Hester is revealed through a local woman’s comment, â€Å"†¦at the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead† (Hawthorne, 36). Although this dire attitude towards Hester does eventually improve, due to her many benevolent works for the poor, she never truly does escape the feelings of lonesomeness and segregation present in her life. This fact is further stressed by Hawthorne’s exclusion of all conversation and dialogues, a usage of context and form, in chapter five to demonstrate that Hester has absolutely no communication with the world beyond her occasional trips to town to receive and deliver embroidery orders, described as â€Å"dark and inscrutable.† The forest, in contrast, provides Hester with a secluded habitat in which she may seek truth and escape the glares of humanity, though all the while downhearted and alone. Isolated from the constraints imposed by living in such a stern culture through the public’s disdain and her own rejection of the local beliefs, Hawthorne’s protagonist experiences liberation from the shackles of the community’s austere approach to life. Hester Prynne contemplates new ideas, which would never have occurred to her were she not removed from the general populace by her fall. Hawthorne describes this emancipation writing, Alone, and hopeless of retrieving her position, even had she not scorned to consider it desirable, – she cast away the fragments of a broken chain. The world’s law was no law for her mind†¦. In her lonesome cottage, by the shore, thoughts visited her, such as dared to enter no other dwelling in New England. (Hawthorne, 151) This passage describes the effect of isolation on Hester. The â€Å" fragments of a broken chain’’ she casts off symbolize the confinement of New England’s puritanical ideology. The line â€Å" the world’s law was no law for her mind’’ illustrates her abandonment of this faith’s doctrines, which allows her experience thoughts that â€Å" dare to enter no other dwelling in New England.’’ The loneliness of Hester’s expulsion from society provides her with a freedom of intellect that cannot be found in culture governed by rigid belief system. However, it proves difficult to accept thoughts that challenge the convictions to which the scarlet letter’s bearer has been subject so long. The effect of Hester’s years spent separated from the influence of public’s beliefs and laws are clear: For years past she looked from this estranged point of view at human institutions, and whatever priests or legislators have established ; criticizing all with hardly more reverence than the Indian would feel for the clerical band, the judicial robe, the pillory , the gallows , the fireside, or the church. The tendency of her fate and fortunes had been to set her free. The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other woman dared not tread. (Hawthorne, 183). She now freely condemns practices of the pillars of New England communities, challenging the church while renouncing the reverends’ decree of God’s will and magistrates’ laws. Hester freely chastises the entities which create structure and constraint in society. Like the native peoples, who hold no ties to Christian faith or laws, she does all this without remorse or doubt regarding her soul’s future. A more private and hidden feeling of isolation and alienation is conveyed through Arthur Dimmesdale. Unlike Hester, who has been thrown into a life of dejection by society, Dimmesdale inflicts this desolation upon himself. Dimmesdale, unable and unwilling to publicly reveal his sin, continues to be haunted by his own guilt, and consequently feels inner isolation towards humankind. Nonetheless, the entire town embraces Dimmesdale as a messenger of God and â€Å"a miracle of holiness† who should be greatly admired and respected. Paradoxically, Dimmesdale views himself as an evil fiend and punished himself with daily abuse and starvation. In the end, when Dimmesdale finally does release his guilt and shame, he succumbs to sickness and dies, feeling for the very first time, true happiness and peace. As the impious revenge-seeking villain of the novel, Roger Chillingworth undergoes the most concealed and obscure form of isolation. Not only is he physically separated from his companion, Hester, and the townspeople, who suspect evil intervention, but is also mentally detached from himself. To exhibit this transformation, Hawthorne expresses the character of Roger Chillingworth primarily through private contemplation; Chillingworth exposes his true self only through his thoughts. With exception to Hester, Chillingworth speaks to no other person about his plans or motives. Following his vow to uncover Hester’s secret lover, Chillingworth slowly begins to lose his true identity to the devil. Such pure wickedness causes Chillingworth to eventually withdraw from his prior life and isolate himself to live in a world, which through his eyes, only contains bitterness and hate. Although Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth all experience isolation, each endures a different aspect and to various extents. Hester is alienated from her fellow man and is completely cut off from a life of customariness and normality. On the other hand, Dimmesdale, essentially the town’s public figure, feels alone in the fact that he is the sole person, besides Hester, to really understand the true man within himself. This agonizing wound is so strong that it eventually takes his life. However, Chillingworth is the character that goes through the most harsh and excruciating form of torture. To surrender to evil and watch oneself gradually wither away due to one’s own choice is one of the most unbearable pains known to man. The agony of isolation that Hester and Dimmesdale go through, which directly extends to Chillingworth’s distress, is caused by the firm belief, by the town, that they are responsible for the extermination of all existing sin on earthy, though they themselves sin. In addition, Hawthorne explains that society, in judging people according to what they themselves believe to be proper and ethical is, appallingly to claim to be flawless and equal to the superiority of God himself. All these key figures, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, undergo a spiritual journey in which a fall isolates them from society. This separation provides a new perspective on the group they were once a part of that causes the fallen to renounce the beliefs and practices of their contemporaries. As they distance themselves from the world, these characters cast off the shackles created by the influence of other’s people’s thoughts and ideologies. Release from these cons traints allows them to look critically at the society they have left behind and form their own opinions of where life should lead, rather than accepting the roles that others have placed upon them. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1986.Print. â€Å"Isolation in the Scarlet Letter† StudyMode.com. Web.06 Aug 2013. . â€Å"Isolation Through Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.† 123HelpMe.com. Web. 04 Aug 2013 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Scarlet Letter.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. Web. 1 Aug. 2013.