Choosing between mischel and rotters explaining personality

Choosing between mischel and rotters explaining dispositionBoth Julian hind end and Walter Mischel proposed the friendly cognitive approach to in-personity. Known as social cognitive theorists, Mischel and Rotter suggested that apprised thoughts and emotions determine the variation between plurality and guide the way they behave (Mischel, 2004). The social cognitive approach is not found on the description of an individuals temper rather than on the principles of human learning. Thus, they believe that our personality is formed through the learning processes much(prenominal) as observation and interaction with the family and opposites in social occurrences.From an interactionist phase of view, peoples interaction with their environment predicts their behaviour. Rotter suggested that changes in personality raise occur at any fourth dimension but the basic unity that it has prevents it from changing as a result of minor experiences. Rotter talked about the law of effec t, as such, he believed that the way people act is a determinant of an anticipated goal. concord to Rotter, four variables predict human behavior behavior potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and the psychological situation. Behaviour potential is the first component of Rotters possibleness. Behaviour potential partakes to the possibility of attractive in a unique(predicate) act in a contingent situation. A person has a choice of doings to acquire in a given time and place.The second variable is Expectancy which refers to the a persons expectancy that a given behaviour go away give out to a reinforce. Expectancy can either be General or specific. A specific expectancy is the legal opinion that a particular behaviour at a certain time and place allow lead to an outcome. General expectancies atomic number 18 the beliefs that anything a person is doing will make a difference. Rotter believed that the combination of the specific and general expectancies lead to reinfor cement. The effort a person devote to achieve his goal will be determined by the total expectancy.The third variable is the reinforcement value. wages value is Rotters conception of motivation. The thing a person wants to attain has high reinforcement value. The constancy of expectancies and situational variables when there is preference of reinforcement shape behaviour. According to Rotter the perception of people known as the internal reinforcement influences behaviour.The fourth variable considered by Rotter is the psychological situation which is in his prediction formula. He believed that peoples interaction with their environment result in their way of behaving. He suggested that different people will interpret the same environment differently.Moreover, Mischels cognitive affective theory does suggest that individuals behaviour is characterized by the beliefs that they learn, expectancies and feelings but along with that he claimed that these particular characteristics make t hem different from other people. He termed these characteristics as cognitive person variables which shows the dimensions of the difference between people differ (Mischel, 2004, 569).Mischel named some important cognitive person variables that affect a person when adapting to an environment (Shoda and Mischel, 2006) Encoding strategies atomic number 18 a persons belief about his environment and other people. Unlike the social learning theory, people make use of their cognitive processes to form personal constructs from the external stimuli. The way people encode an event is different which shows their individual differences in personal constructs. Also, Mischel suggested that stimulus can be altered by how people interpret experiences and to what they attend selectively.Expectancies refer to the persons belief of his energy and what the person expects from his previous behaviour.Affects refer to feelings and emotions. Affective responses emphasize on a persons behaviour is determi ned by the interaction of peoples cognitive processes with a specific situation. The affective responses are not separable from cognitions and they influence other cognitive-affective units.Goals and values are what the person want to achieve and believe in.Competencies and self-regulatory plans refer to the persons capacity in terms of his thoughts and actions, his ability to engage in goal directed behaviour. As people do not attend to all stimuli in the environment, they selectively create the world in which they live. Also, the self regulatory plans make people to plan and maintain their behaviours.According to Mischel, these cognitive variables as well as the features of the situation have to be identified to predict a persons behaviour in a given situation. Hence, the interaction of the person and situation lead to behaviour. Mischel suggested that only if a person come upon a specific behaviour, then his behaviour will reflect the characteristics he has learned in that partic ular situation (Kammrath, Mendoza-Denton and Mischel, 2005).Rotters social cognitive theory was based on the locus of control whereas Mischels cognitive affective theory was based on situation versus person variables. Mischels theory was an extension of Rotters social cognitive approach. Just like Rotter believed that peoples play offion to environmental forces are more determined by cognitive factors than immediate reinforcements, Mischel claimed that behaviour is determined by both situation variables (environmental factors rewards and punishments) and person variables (internal personal factors). The two person variables expectancies and subjective values in Mischels theory have the same meaning as in Rotters model. As an extension of Rotters social cognitive theory, Mischel added other person variables like competencies, encoding strategies and self regulatory systems and plans.Mischel strongly believed that the interaction of both environmental and personal factors develops b ehaviour. He claimed that we have to take into account what we know about a particular person and the present situation to predict the latters behaviour.Furthermore, he laid accent on how emotions and person variables interacted. He argued that negative emotions like depression affects peoples interpretation of their experiences and expectancies they hold about the future (Mischel and Shoda, 1995, p.498). Also, Mischel suggested that emotion variables just like cognition cipher on how people interpret and label their experiences.The cognitive-affective personality system proposed the conformity paradox which refer to the variability across situations and stability in a persons behaviour. Mischel believed that variations in the behaviour pattern is neither caused by random error nor the situation alone. He rather believed that these variations in behaviour patterns predict behaviour that mirror persistent patterns of variation within a person.Mischel and Shoda (1995) devised the Itthen framework which they believe can conceptualise the variations in behaviour. The relationship of the ifthen in this framework is as such If A, then X but if B, then Y. A and B are taken as situations in which the individual is in and X and Y are the ways people behave as a result of the situations they are facing.For example if Mark is provoked by his wife (situation A), then he will react with aggression (X). if changes and so, then also changes. In the first situation If Mark is being provoked by his wife (situation A), he will react aggressively (X). In a second situation (B), if Mark is being provoked by his boss then he will obey with entry (reaction Y). In these two situations we can see that mark behavior is inconsistent, but Mischel and Shoda believed that being provoked by two different persons is not the same stimulus. Instead, they suggested that Marks behavior reflects a stable behavior pattern.Thus this framework claimed that the way people react to situations d epend on cognitions( for example perceptions, illusions) and affective (for example feelings) associate with them.Mischel and Shoda (1995) proposed a second example where two persons are qualified as irritable but their irritability is caused differently. In the example he said that 2 persons are irritable individual 1 likes to be the center of attention and likes interaction with others. Thus, Person 1 gets irritable when no one pays attention to him/her. Person 2 likes to be alone and gets irritable when people start to relate their lives. In addition to, there are two situations Situation A reflects no interaction among people (e.g. Business meeting), It is just a boring situation. In situation B, such interactions are mostly frequent (e.g. parties). Therefore, based on if then(prenominal) Framework, Person 1 will feel irritated in situation A and not B, whereas Person 2 will feel irritated in situation B and not A.The Ifthen framework is based on the Behavioral Signature of P ersonality. The Behavioural Signature of Personality is the variation in an individuals behaviour in specific situations. In the example of Mark his Behavioral Signature of Personality is his consistent manner to vary his behavior across situations that is he will not react aggressively in all situations (Feist, 2004).M ischel took traits into consideration and contend that some basic traits are persistent over time. Mischel himself argued that the idea of consistency of personality across situations is not right. Mischel and Peake (1982) examined the consistency of conscientiousness and friendliness in college students. The result was that students responded inconsistently across situations. Mischels social cognitive theory maintains that peoples behavior is specific to the context of the situation. For example, somebody can be honest at work but can cheat on taxes. This approach does not predict depends that behavior will be consistent across situations. Behavior depends mainly on the consequences of the actions (such as rewards). However, according to Mischel, consistency can occur when the same behavior is reenforce in a variety of situations or if a person is unable to discriminate among situations. For Mischel traits can be useful as they provide summaries of multiple behavioral observations and as such have descriptive usefulness. Traits affect behavior differently in different situations under certain conditions. For example, the trait of aggression will be apparent only under circumstances like when a person feels frustrated or angry. People with the trait aggressiveness act differently from those who are low in this trait. Moreover, Mischels theory considers the prior experiences in life. The prior experience play a role in situational context. Thoughts and emotions activated by a particular situation are the results of prior experiences with the particular situations. Therefore, situational variables as well as experiences play a role in the occur rence of any behavior.Rotter, on the other hand, attaches great enormousness to needs of people, as needs indicate the direction of behavior. Mischel talks goals only. Whereas Rotters theory speaks of goals when the focus is on the environment and speaks of needs when the focus is on the person. Rotter and Hochriech (1975) listed six categories of needs recognition-status, protection-dependency, love and affection and physical comfort.In my own view, Mischels theory is better off than that of Rotters. Mischel even took into consideration the personality traits which he believed account for little of the variance in human behaviour. His aim was to replace traits like sociability or dominance into traits of his own invention.His theory was closely based on the social learning theory of Rotter but he combined the social learning theory with the knowledge about mental processes from cognitive psychology.Mischel with the help of his student, Shoda issued an updated version of his origin al theory. His peeled version had five variables instead of four and the new variable was affects, feelings or emotions. The addition of the new variable was collectible to the research made in 1995 which found that social information and processing and coping behaviour was influenced by affects and emotions (Mischel and Shoda, 1995, p.252).Another aspect which Mischel included in the new version of the theory was the description of personality as a cognitive-affective system. According to his new theory, he claimed that the importance in the five cognitive social learning person variables lie in their simultaneous interaction. Therefore, personality is a stable system that mediates how the individual processes, chooses and constructs social information and produces social behaviours (Mischel and Shoda, 1995). The cognitive affective personality system further claims that a persons behaviour will change based on a particular situation but in a significant manner.Mischel and Shoda (1995, 1998, 1999) even devised a framework and suggested that variations in behaviour can be predicted from it and he took into consideration the consistency paradox in explaining peoples behaviour.Moreover, Mischel places his cognitive theory against the handed-down trait theory. As such, he argued that his theoretical cognitive person variables are superior to the traits as they express scientific rather than understanding.Unlike Rotter, Mischel and his colleagues believed in the importance of moving from a theoretical perspective of personality out of conceptualizations like irritability to a more scientific conceptualizations like encoding competency.Mischels theory is an show up over the trait approach as well. His person variables focus on the psychological processes in shaping behaviour rather than on the behaviours itself.Another returns of Mischels theory is that individual differences in behaviour become conceptualized as patterns not as average levels.

Study Of Culture And Globalisation Management Essay

Study Of Culture And Globalisation Management EssayWhy does civilisation air out? Globalisation creates one of the most pregnant achievements in todays world the ability to trade internationally. Understanding heathenish differences will only increase the success of companies red ink aboard. Each coun essay has opposite currencies and behaviour norms. When spherical companies are born the workforce becomes diverse. Cultural empathizeing is a key part to a boffo business. Globalization provides better opportunities to companies investing in a new market. The internationalisation of business has exposed firms to a large range of norms for doing business. This essay will arrangement how Wal-Mart, one of the biggest retail chains, deals with cultural difference when opening its doors to Japans Market. Wal-Mart can non directly transfer its corporate assimilation of low-cost, high -bulk model, hugely successful in US, to Japan. Wal-Mart is moving into a completely new market , and as such they moldiness enter the market as a blank canvas. Roger Mark clearly states that in order to baffle planetary success, its no longer enough to guide a hot new product that will save time, or a novel creative thinker that could revolutionize an industry. You also need to understand the cultural values, behaviour styles, negotiating techniques and business practices of the state of matter where you are doing business. Wal-Mart and Japan digest different habits. Wal-Mart is moving more to wounding the middleman and forcing stores to re main open for 24 hours. The Nipponese culture is based more on fresh produce and has high demands for perishable goods rather than touch food. The Nipponese are known for their high demand of flavour goods and high income. Wal-Mart is trying to force their low cost high bulk and low quality products on the Nipponese market. The company must wonder if their own corporate culture is enough to solve the problems with diverse cul tures. If the company itself-importance does not understand the cultural differences it faces can it reap the benefits? Culture is comprised of some(prenominal) value and norms.Culture is a affectionate interest which clearly identifies people interest, thoughts and behaviours. In order for Wal-Mart to survive they must come through cultural diversity because this is in many stages of the internationalization of the business and in all form of the market gate. When entering a new market the business ask to adapt to the specific taste of topical anesthetic people. Wal-Mart cannot deliver the same layout of stores throughout the world, they must adapt to Japanese culture. According to Kurt Barnard It was a mum thing for Wal-Mart to do. By not understanding cross-cultural ascertains and not changing the format of their stores to fit cultural differences, Wal-Mart will be unable to compete in foreign markets. Wal-Mart needs to dissemble away from Ethnocentrism and adopt a Polyc entrism approach when entering a new market. Fast franchise like McDonald learned their lesson in India. Today McDonalds has localized its products to suit its consumers taste and to recognise the local culture, therefore creating regional flavours for particular markets. Culture plays an important part on how global companies operate. Wal-Mart needs to adapt the taste of its host country. If we consider the Japanese culture we can clearly control that their living space is much smaller than the average American house, therefore the high-bulk model will not relate to them. Wal-Mart must understand their behaviour first in order to respect the local culture of Japan. What do Japanese people consider as good quality in service and product? Once Wal-Mart determines this it can use the information to better gross sales campaigns and business interactions instead of using one approach that they reckon works everywhere. The firm must determine the countries norms and values, and theref ore have a cross- cultural sense between the Japanese and American cultures.Japanese culture is based on community, family and being part of large mathematical group. This is not the same as the American way of life. Global companies need to know that half of business acquisitions fail because they do not input measures that deal with cultural differences. Wal-Mart acquired a Japanese business. Taking oer a Japanese firm is the best way of understanding the culture of the Japanese. Why did this not work to Wal-Marts advantage?Companies must require the knowledge of the local culture and the way of doing things. People respond differently to gestures and signs. One of the issues Wal-Mart faced was language barriers in Japan. Wal-Mart is using English-speaking executives to run a retail effect that heavily depends on a detailed understanding of domestic culture. In Japan Harmony is the key value in Japanese society, so when they proclaim with each other they use non-verbal express ion. Global companies must understand that languages can influence the business in so many ways. Language is the most important aspect to the business success because this should unlock local societies. Wal-Mart knew full s wellhead that entering markets like Japan through acquisition brings together employees from Seiyu with employees from Wal-Mart who speak different languages. They should have adopted a language that can be related to local people. Ideally the international managers in Wal-Mart should be Bi-multilingual. Most American firms head for the hills to slow down their English rather than study the language of Japan The American companies that have succeeded in Japan have done so by using Japanese executives and allowing a significant amount of autonomy. Wal-Mart however seems to be making the same mistake it did in Germany, relying too much on American executives, and not enough on local control. We can clearly see that all Global Companies are faced with many problem s which range from language, pricing and culture collisions because cultural differences shape the use and interpretation of words. Edward hall drew a effectual distinction between low and high context cultures. Many Asian countries are seen as high cost cultures. Japanese culture finds it difficult to say no compared to the Americans who are straight forward. Business needs to be assured that problems will naturally arise when high and low cost culture businesses get together. The model is useful in understanding why different cultures ability communicate differently because High context south Asian culture companies differ so widely from their low -context western cultures. When companies go global their main objective should be to bridge playerle any difficulties to do with culture because once mistakes are made they are hard to fix. This will only destroy the global company operation in the host country. All corporations must have multicultural awareness because it is a vita l aspect to a successful business, and you must know the particular industry you are entering. If you do not do this the success of the business is slim. Wal-Mart must HYPERLINK http//www.filination.com/blog/2009/03/14/china-business-strategy-walmart-chinese-culture/localize and do things the Japanese way by encouraging local branch decision making, building local supplier contracts and using local promotion schemes on the other hand Wal-Mart was more focus on doing things the American Way. Wal-Mart did not consider the taste of Japanese people. HYPERLINK http//www.filination.com/blog/2009/03/14/china-business-strategy-walmart-chinese-culture/National culture has a powerful influence on peoples interpretations, understandings, and assessments of those with whom they work-Cultural values can affect decision making, managerial style, interpersonal trust, teamwork, and the role of women in the workplace, among other issues. In order to have successful entry Wal-Mart needed to collect c orrect and accurate information. Managers in Wal-Mart should undertake An intercultural training course such as Managing International Teams or Managing International Mergers and Acquisitions will demonstrate international managers involved in a merger or acquisition the insights they need to develop an effective working culture that plays to the strengths of their multicultural teams and maximises the cultural benefits of their companys acquisition.Japanese Culture is completely different to the Wal-Mart American culture. Cultural dimensions can provide details allowing global companies to deliver the best cultural system with a expectant outcome. Identifying the main cultural dimensions groups through attitude, values and norms can influence companies success. Geert Hofstede (1984) clearly stated that culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Wal-Mart adopted a management style that did not sit well with t he Japanese people. Wal-Mart persuaded Seiyus management in 2004 to dismiss 25% of headquarters staff, including 1,500 employees and managers. That kind of muckle firing happens rarely in Japan, which places a premium on social harmony. And when the firing is done at the behest of foreigners, it takes on added negative connotations. Wal-Mart should determine the cultural attitudes of the employees. seek shows how national culture can also affect the workforce in an organisation. Wal-Mart did not use the Greenfield Investment, which involved entering a country without a spouse from the host country. Wal-Mart did the opposite so it should be fully aware of the effect of the Japanese culture. It is up to the managers in a corporation to understand culture. Hofstedes research looks for exchange cultural and regional differences, industry differences and differences arising from the organisational culture. Power distances generally mean people will accept unequal distribution of powe rs. In the Case of Wal-Mart you can see that it is more homogeneous compared to Japan, therefore they need togive more power to local managers and their supplier-network. Japanese power distances are lower so Management should decentralise. Americans do not accept power distances so the American workers in Wal-Mart at the Japanese branch should input empowering systems. Japanese hold harmony as a social ideal, patience as a personal virtue, and hierarchy as an essential organizing principle. Americans, in contrast, hold freedom as a social ideal, action-orientation as a personal virtue, and equality as a fundamental organizing principle. We have seen that the Hostede model such as individualism versus collectivism and feminine versus masculinity help categorize as well as identify cultural differences. If we take individualism versus collectivism you will know that Americans are more independent and have self -determination compared to Japan where the workforce work in groups. In or der to solve this issue Wal-Mart should develop group goals and policies that relieve stress. The Japanese people also believe power should be controlled by society, even though this model does not present detailed analyses of individual cultures. This useful research shows the role of cultural differences which is useful for international management. These are challenges many managers will face in todays global markets because not managing culture effectively can stop growth as well as production. The use of the concepts of cultural dimensions such as those of Hostede and Trompanear provide the means to construct cultural clusters of countries or subcultures within and across countries. These clusters can be use to identify areas which need development in order to reduce problems caused by cultural differences. For example advertising can use this model to make adverts telling to certain cultural dimensions. Wal-Mart needs this because once Seiyu was taken over it became a whole n ew store. Yes Wal-Mart provided low cost products but the high quality products that the Japanese are used to disappeared. Wal-Mart should clearly see how different their culture is compared to Japanese. The bad thing about these models is that they assume that culture does not change and they develop serotypes. The cultural theorists base their research on the management of the company rather than the national culture.Wal-Mart must show consideration and care in dealing with cultural differences both inside and outside the organisation. Japanese people are willing to pay top prices for goods of high quality. Wal-Mart should ensure that their global company service as well as product meets the standards of the people living there. Care must take place amongst managers regarding the relationship between the home and host country in ground of working practices. Firms need to be sensitive to culture because if they dont it can cause failed joint ventures as well as misunderstandings. Their cultural differences need to be well-thought-of across borders. Employees in the organisation must be aware of norms and the general customs when entering the host country. Businesses need to understand the impact that cultural differences have on the career progression of their employees and on communication and decision-making, Firms can solve the problems of cultural difference by engaging in cross- cultural training. Some researchers have stated that Wal-Mart is way behind the knowledge of the locals taste. One of the reasons that failed Wal-Mart internationally is when it attempt to transport the companys unique culture and retailing concept to each new country. Gilman (2004) asserts that in Wal-Mart overseas expansion, it has been trying hard to launch the supercenter concept, therefore the corporate culture does not match the national culture. Understanding cultural difference allows managers to develop policies to manage cross cultural activities.In this essay we have seen that internationalisation of a business has exposed the business to different norms when crossing cultural borders because more firms move away and enter new markets. A comparison between National cultures is important. We have seen the clash in the national cultures between countries as well as the corporate culture. We can clearly see that how culture plays an important role in the success of a global company. The theory clearly compares how companies like Wal-Mart try to impose the same norms on all its foreign markets. The approaches to solving cultural differences clearly assume that firms will be given advantages. Culture should be the nerve centre of the organisation because we can clearly see that it determines the success or failure of the firm. It is up to the employees in the organisation who exist within the corporate culture to understand the outside environment culture because we must see culture as ever changing. In order to solve the problem with culture we mus t learn to adapt. The company needs strategy development in order to overcome the hurdles caused by cultural differences. We can clearly see that every country and region has their own culture therefore global companies must have a good understanding. Culture is clearly the way of life for people so it is only natural that companies leave their ethnocentric culture where they basically see only their own culture rather than the Polycentric culture. This creates conflict as we have seen in both corporate cultures as well as national culture. In order to overcome such problems global companies need to acknowledge the diverse culture around them. No more assumption and judgment because people learn culture through what they are taught. It is only natural for global companies to put in effect strategies allowing them to adapt to the cultural changes. If we take the company Coca Cola strategy which changed the sweetness of their soda to meet the consumers taste buds in different countrie s. They did not neglect the needs of the local people they therefore have the full respect of their culture and history. We have seen how cultural theories like Hofstede can allow global companies to take into consideration the cultural cluster that effects society but the problem with this theory is more based on how the organisation can cleanse culture difference inside the global company rather than the environment outside the organisation.

Characteristics Of Perfect Competition Economics Essay

Characteristics Of flesh outd rivalry Economics EssayMonopoly is a market structure that is the notwithstanding sole seller of a product and large issuing of buyers that have no close substitution and have a high meekness and exit barrier. A monopoly markethas no other solids can enter the market and compete with it to produce approximately good or service. For an example that gave by Vengedasalam, D., et. al. (2008, p.229) If want to subscribe television channel services, the only one will go is Astro. But if want to use Astro services, it have mixed options to choose from, and this industry is not a monopoly market.2.1 Characteristics of MonopolySingle seller in the market Monopoly is a scathe maker in the firm which has the power to control the footing. In the proof of the auxiliary theorem Jackson, J. (1998, p.22.5), price maker is a seller of a trade good that is competent to make a motion the price at which a commodity sells by changing the amount it sells.No Clos e SubstitutesIt means customer or buyers could not knock any substitute for the product. If the buyer can find out, then this product is no more in monopoly. In others way to describe, a monopoly cannot cost if in that respect is a competition or any substitute product.Restriction of gateway of modernistic firms In a monopoly market, in that respect be strict barriers to the entry of new firms. Barriers to entry atomic number 18 natural of legal restrictions that restrict the entry of new firms into the industry.Average and Marginal Revenue Curves Under monopoly, average gross is greater than bare(a) revenue. Under monopoly, if the firm wants to increase the sale it can do so only when it reduces its price.2.2 Types of Monopoly2.2.1 Natural MonopoliesOne firm can produce at a lower cost compared to what two or more firms could produce.2.2.2 Government- Created MonopoliesGovernment creates monopolies to prevent firms from entering into a market. This can be done through di fficulty in obtaining license to operate in the market or providing patent and secures to a monopoly firms. There are some legal barriers that are government franchise, government license, patent, copyright and control over raw material.2.3 Monopolys RevenueA monopolists marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good. (According from N. Gregory Mankiw, principle of micro economics fourth edition pg. 317), shows the example how the monopolys revenue might depend on the amount of water produced.CUsersTOSHIBADesktop123.jpgTable 1 A monopolys Total, Average, and Marginal RevenueTable 1 shows a run that is important for understanding monopoly behavior A monopolists marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good. For monopoly, marginal revenue is lower than price because a monopoly only faces a downward-sloping demand curve.CUsersTOSHIBADesktop123a.jpgFigure 3 Demand and Marginal-Revenue Curves for a MonopolyThe demand curve shows how the quantity affects the pri ce of a good. The marginal-revenue curve shows how the firms revenue changes when the quantity increases by 1 unit. Marginal revenue is always less than the price because the price on all units sold must fall if the monopoly increases doing2.4 Profit maximisationIn this graph shows the profit maximization for a monopoly. The point of A is the intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginal-cost curve determines the profit-maximizing quantity. All this curves persuade all the information we need to determine the level output that a profit-maximizing monopolist will choose.CUsersTOSHIBADesktop123b.jpgFigure 4 Profit Maximization for a monopolyA monopoly maximizes profit by choosing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost (point A). It thenuses the demand curve to find the price that will induce consumers to buy that quantity (point B). Thus, the monopolists profit-maximizing quantity of output is determined by the intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginal-cost curve.2.4.1 A Monopolys ProfitCUsersTOSHIBADesktopMicro engagement diagram20130222_121054.jpgFigure 5 The monopolists ProfitThe area of the box BCDE equals the profit of the monopoly firm. The height of the box (BC) is price minus average total cost, which equals profit per unit old. The largeness of the box (DC) is the number of units sold.3.0 Characteristics of Market StructuresIn a perfectly private-enterprise(a) market, the market structure is an interconnected feature or characteristics in which will affect the nature of competition and the price. For example, the volume and relative strength of buyers and sellers, the degree of collusion among them, level and forms of competition, the extent of product differentiation, and the ease of entry into and exit from the market. Market structures tinct to the hawkish environment within which a firm operates. Market structures divided into four basic types which is perfect competition, noncompetitive co mpetition, oligopoly and monopoly.3.1 Perfect CompetitionPerfect competitive is defined as a market in which there are many buyers and sellers, the products of selling are homogeneous, and sellers can easily enter and exit from the market.3.2.1 Characteristics of Perfect Competition too large number of buyers and sellers Reynolds, R. L., (2005, p.2) points out that the idealized perfect competitive insures that no buyers and sellers has any power or ability to influence the price. The perfect competitive market is price takers.Products of selling are homogeneous The firm must sell homogeneous product. The products are where the buyers could not differentiate the products of one seller to other seller.Easy enter and exit From the research of Salvatore, D. (2009, p.245) demonstrated that resources or inputs are free to move among the various industries and locations within the market response to monetary incentives. So, there are no artificial barriers to entry into and exit from the industry.Perfect experienceledge Both of the sellers and buyers have perfect knowledge of the market. Sellers and buyers cannot influence with each others.Both of them must know the market price of the goods as given.Non-price competition Microeconomics, 2008 Author Dviga Vengedasalam, Karunagaran Madhavan, Rohana Kamaruddin point out the role of non-price competition is insignificant since many sellers sell the products at a immovable price and furthermore, the products are identical. The firms have no control over the price and their gods are identical, so there is no selling cost.3.3 MonopolyMonopoly is single seller in which sell the product is unique. Thus, there are large number of buyers and selling the products that have no close substitution and have high barriers between entry and exit. For an example that gave by Vengedasalam, D., et. al. (2008, p.229) If want to subscribe home telephone services, the only one will go is Telekom Malaysia.3.3.1 Characteristics of Monopo lySingle seller in the market Monopoly is a price maker in the firm which has the power to control the price. In the proof of the auxiliary theorem Jackson, J. (1998, p.22.5), price maker is a seller of a commodity that is able to affect the price at which a commodity sells by changing the amount it sells.No Close Substitutes It means customer or buyers could not find any substitute for the product. If the buyer can find out, then this product is no more in monopoly. In others way to describe, a monopoly cannot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product.Strong barriers to the entry into the industry exist In a monopoly market there is safe barrier on the entry of new firms. Monopolist faces no competition. The monopolist has absolute control over the production and sale of the commodity certain economic barriers are imposed on the entry.3.4 Monopolistic CompetitionMicroeconomics, 2008 Author Dviga Vengedasalam, Karunagaran Madhavan, Rohana Kamaruddin points out that the Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which there are large numbers of small sellers differentiated products but these are close substitute products and have easy entry into and exit from the market.3.4.1 Characteristics of Monopolistic CompetitionLarge numbers of seller and buyers It is less as compared to perfect competition. Because, monopolistic competition will produces different or unique products, so that they will have some control over the prices. Hence, each firm will follows an independent of the price output policy.Product differentiationEach firm produces a product that is at least slightly different from those of other firms. For example, if coffee is sold in coffee pack only, then it is perfect competition. But, if the same coffee is mixed with deep brown packaged in a box and label as Choco-Coffee, then this product is in monopolistic competition.Easy entry and exitThis is freedom to entry of new firms, but it is not as easy as perfect competition be cause it needs to make some differentiate product enter the monopolistic competition.3.5 OligopolyAccording to the preservearticles.com, Oligopoly is often referred to as competition among the few. In brief oligopoly is a kind of imperfect market where there are a few firm in the market, producing either and homogeneous product or producing product which are close but not perfect substitutes of each other.3.5.1 Characteristics of OligopolyFew numbers of firms The firms are few but the size of firms is large. In few firms will control the overall industry under oligopoly. For example of the oligopoly which is Unisem and Carsem.Homogeneous and differentiated product The firms in an oligopolistic industry may produce standardized or differentiated products. For example, DIGI or U-mobile produced by one firm is identical to another firm.Mutual interdependence The causality further stated that oligopoly always consider in choosing price, sales target, advertising budgets and other.Price rigidityAccording to the preservearticles.com, there is the existence price rigidity. Prices lend to be rigid and sticky. If any firm makes a price-cut it is immediately retaliated by the rival firms by the same practice of price-cut. There occurs a price-war in the oligopolistic condition.3.7The Differences between the various characteristics with the four types of market structureThe various characteristics between the four types of market structure which are Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly have been discussed. The most important of these characteristics are differentiate in which will affect the nature of competition and the price. Therefore, table 2 shows the differentiation of the characteristics of the following market structure.Perfect CompetitionMonopolistic CompetitionOligopolyMonopolyBarriers to entryLowLowHighVery HighNumber of ProducersManyManyFewOneTypes of product governDifferentiatedStandardized or DifferentiatedUniqueExampleFrui t Vegetables100 PlusCarsemAstroTable 2 Characteristics of market structure4.0 Conclusion and RecommendationAs my conclusion, I think that monopoly is the best in microeconomic. This is because monopoly is a form that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes. It remains other firms cannot enter the market and complete with it.

Lord Of The Flies - Analyzing :: essays research papers

Ralph, the first character introduced to the audience, is probably the most likable character in the entire story. Although he does not ponder such deeply like Piggy, is not as spiritual like Simon, or as energetic as Jack, there is something in him that attracts the audience. Ralph serves as the hero of the story. He is described as being a playful, innocent child in the beginning, but towards the end he matures significantly. In the first chapter where he takes his garments off and goes swimming like any child would do, he seems to be Adam in the Garden of Eden, a child left to play with the nature. However, as the plot progresses, Ralph faces both internal and external conflicts from those conflicts he greatly matures. Ralph always has the strong belief that all the children will be saved from the island sooner or later he is so sure that he even insists that they should bear approach at all times to signal. However, when the boys abandon the fire which is symbolic of Ralphs hope of getting saved, Ralph faces an internal conflict that makes him fear about their future perhaps they will not be rescued at all. By press that the children should keep the fire going, he creates an external conflict with Jack whose values are different. Jack is enjoying life as a leader of the savages, and he fears that fire will possibly end his authoritarian rule over the savages. Both conflicts are resolved when Ralph finally meets the naval officer. Ralph is one of the few boys who realize that the still way to survive is through peace and order. Because he summons the boys at the beginning of the novel with the conch he and Piggy find, they look upon him as the most answerable of the boys and elect him as a chief over the humiliated Jack. Ralph creates a stable and peaceful society for the children to live this significantly bothers Jack because he wants to have fun and do things that he never did back in the civilized society. Jack is eventually successful of pullin g nearly all of the children out of Ralphs control to form savages. Ralph represents the civilization, and Jack represents the primitive society. Moreover, Ralph is Goldings symbolic method of democracy. To the audience, Ralph seems like Franklin D. Roosevelt during the World War IIhe was certainly capable of fish filet the World War II from breaking out, but he could not force anybody thus letting the War break out.

Dark Images and Imagery in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE Coursew

Dark Imagery in Macbeth   Shakespeare uses a lot of imagination of wickedness and trace in Macbeth. This vision is apply to pose an image of a desolate, deranged place, full of tumult and dis narrate. Darkness and night imagery is as well used to create an ambience of antagonism and misleading obscurity. Images of night and darkness are often used at time in the play when a death has occurred, or some otherwise tragic event. Shakespeare also uses imagery of night and darkness in scenes with the witches, to make them seem evil and unruly. When someone is doing or thinking of something evil, there is often imagery of night and darkness, which helps to causes it to shape up more evil and deranged. The images of night and darkness make the play more entertaining and captivating, which maintains the audiences attention.   Darkness is often used at times in the play when a tragic event has occurred. The morning after Macbeth killed Duncan remained in darkness, because th e temperateness did not rise. Is t the nights predominance or the days shame that darkness does the face of the earth entomb when living light should kiss it? (24, 10-12) Ross said these words referring to the unusual darkness of the day. He wondered if the night had become stronger than the day, and overcome it, so that the sun could no longer shine. He mused that it seemed as though the earth was shrouded with the darkness, when the light of the sun that brings life should work ensconced it. In this quote, darkness corresponds death and light symbolizes life. It suggests that the whole country is as good as dead since their king has been killed, because the natural order has been disturbed. The disturbance to the natural order caused all of nature is disturbed, d... ...ne to know that it was her husband, with the plan that she had devised, who had killed Duncan, including God. She thought that she could hide in the darkness from the judgment that she and Macbeth deserved, an d that it would conceal her wrongdoings from the eyes of God. The images of darkness in noblewoman Macbeths soliloquy help to create a frightful image of her malevolent plan. Imagery of night and darkness is used kinda frequently in the play to portray an image of a desolate, deranged place, brimming with tumult, disorder and transgression. Night and darkness are often used to symbolize death, tragedy and botch deeds, and to paint a deranged, haphazard picture of characters, their wrongdoings or their malevolent thoughts. Shakespeare has used this imagery to enhance the play by creating the exact atmosphere of pandemonium and desolation that he wanted.   Dark Images and Imagery in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE Coursew Dark Imagery in Macbeth   Shakespeare uses a lot of imagery of night and darkness in Macbeth. This imagery is used to portray an image of a desolate, deranged place, full of tumult and disorder. Darkness and night imagery is also used to create an atmosphere of malevolence and misleading obscurity. Images of night and darkness are often used at times in the play when a death has occurred, or some other tragic event. Shakespeare also uses imagery of night and darkness in scenes with the witches, to make them seem evil and unruly. When someone is doing or thinking of something evil, there is often imagery of night and darkness, which helps to causes it to appear more evil and deranged. The images of night and darkness make the play more entertaining and captivating, which maintains the audiences attention.   Darkness is often used at times in the play when a tragic event has occurred. The morning after Macbeth killed Duncan remained in darkness, because the sun did not rise. Is t the nights predominance or the days shame that darkness does the face of the earth entomb when living light should kiss it? (24, 10-12) Ross said these words referring to the unusual darkness of the day. He wondered if the night had be come stronger than the day, and overcome it, so that the sun could no longer shine. He mused that it seemed as though the earth was shrouded with the darkness, when the light of the sun that brings life should have ensconced it. In this quote, darkness symbolizes death and light symbolizes life. It suggests that the whole country is as good as dead since their king has been killed, because the natural order has been disturbed. The disturbance to the natural order caused all of nature is disturbed, d... ...ne to know that it was her husband, with the plan that she had devised, who had killed Duncan, including God. She thought that she could hide in the darkness from the judgment that she and Macbeth deserved, and that it would conceal her wrongdoings from the eyes of God. The images of darkness in Lady Macbeths soliloquy help to create a frightful image of her malevolent plan. Imagery of night and darkness is used quite frequently in the play to portray an image of a desolate, dera nged place, brimming with tumult, disorder and transgression. Night and darkness are often used to symbolize death, tragedy and corrupt deeds, and to paint a deranged, haphazard picture of characters, their wrongdoings or their malevolent thoughts. Shakespeare has used this imagery to enhance the play by creating the exact atmosphere of pandemonium and devastation that he wanted.  

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

DiversityAmericas workforce is continuously changing. Businesses today shoot and retain culturally various(a) employees to compete in the globalize market. Companies are developing ways to tap into and capitalize upon the talents of their workforces. They are discovering how to value the diversity of their workforces and the voltage that diversity brings in flexibility, ingenuity and problem solving are helping them achieve their goals.Diversity can be differences in age, gender, ethnicity, and religion. Having such a diverse workforce can be very challenging. (1) Todays workforce is very diverse in respect to age. Before, corporate America consisted of workers ranging from twenty bingle up to late thirties to early forties. Now, we see people in their mid to late fifties going back to work. This trend has both advantages and disadvantages. unrivalled advantage of an previous(a) employee over a younger employee is his ability to use his years of experience in situations where a younger employee lacks experience. Another advantage for an older employee is his built relationship with existing customers. The disadvantage of an older employee over a younger employee is his inability to quickly adapt to his changing environment. Younger employees are to a greater extent hungry compared to their older counter parts. Their hunger is fired by their goal to quickly move up the corporate ladder.(2) Gender also poses a scrap in the work force. Today, more and more women are entering the workforce. As such, the working environment has greatly changed. Companies make sure that sexual harassment does not happen. Men are expected to carefully say things without offending the opposite sex. The same rule also applies to women. Sexual harassment includes requests for sexual favors, sexual advances or other sexual conduct when (a) submission is either explicitly or implicitly a condition affecting academic or employment decisions or (b) the behavior is sufficiently severe or pervasive as to create an intimidating, hostile or repugnant environment or (c) the behavior persists despite remonstration by the person to whom the conduct is directed. Companies considers such behavior, whether physical or verbal, to be a breach of its standards of conduct. It will seek to prevent such incidents and will ask and take corrective actions for violations of this policy.There are two types of... ...Filipina, he had spent some time in the Philippines a few years back. (4) Religion plays an grievous part on an individuals behavior. Being part of the same religious group can mean belongingness. For example, in a work nonplus environment, if the four out of the six team members were Jewish, they would be closer to each other since they were all of the same faith. This closeness will result in openness among the four members which would improve productivity. However, such action could also have a negative effect. The other two members would feel excluded. They wo uld also not be plausibly included in the other four members decisions which would mean that communication would not flow across the whole group, but only with in sub-groups. It would also put up to misunderstanding and poor performance.In summary, most workplaces are becoming increasingly diverse as people from different genders, races, cultures, ethnic origins, and lifestyles find themselves working together. The chance on to making diversity work is management. Knowing what they are and understanding what effects (positive or negative) they have on the organization is very important to the success of the company.

Theropod Discovery Challenges the Dinosaur-to-Bird Theory :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Theropod Disco really Challenges the Dinosaur-to-Bird Theory For years, it has been believed that Dinosaurs are ancestors of late day birds. By simply looking at pictures of dinosaurs, one can envision many physical similarities between these reptiles and modern day birds. Often the legs and the chest cavities are very similar in shape. Some dinosaurs have limbs that look same(p) they could evolve into modern day wings, some dinosaurs even had feathers (6). A recent discovery in Italy of an extremely well preserved Scipionyx samniticus challenges this idea. The skeleton of this small Therapod was tight complete, but more impressively, there was still remnants of soft tissue. Portions of the Trachea, the liver, the skeletal muscle, and the intestines were still preserved (1). Scipionyx is a small meat-eating dinosaur that lived in the early Cretaceous. It has sharp teething and claws, with powerful hind legs. The fourth maxillary tooth is longer than the rest almost giving the Scipionyx a vampire-like look. It has a long tail that aided in its balance, very large eyes and was most likely a small, yet quick hunter (3). It lived in what is now Italy. The skeleton that was found was a nine advance newborn, but some scientists think that a full grown Scipionyx can reach up to ten feet in length (3). The Scipionyx also possess an immense hand which is common to the maniraptors (3). This group includes dinosaurs like the velociraptor. The Scipionyx was so well preserved in limestone, that using an ultra-violet light, one could get almost an X-ray of the baby Therapod (5). The immanent organs of this dinosaur are somewhat similar to that of a crocodile. For example, the Trachea is well situated in the vertebral column (1). In birds, the Tracheas is usually adjacent to the vertebral column. Similarly to the crocodile, the Scipionyxs liver is placed ahead of the large intestine (1). The Scipionyx has small groups of muscle fibers that seem to be diaphragma tic musculature (1). Again, these are similar to that of modern day crocodiles. The diaphragmatic musculature aides in diaphragm assisted breathing, which allows modern-day crocodiles to have burst-like movements (1). These traits are not consistent with an avian style, air sac ingredient which is typical of birds (1). The diaphragm was shown to divide the body into two parts. One part contained the heart and the lungs, the other had the intestines, and the entrails (2).